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Thermo-mechanical controlled processing with high reductions can be employed to achieve grain sizes around a micrometer scale in low-carbon steels (e.g., a recent review [1]), but severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a route to generate even nanocrystalline structures (e.g. [2, 3]).
Initiation of cracking The initiation of a crack was detected for some stainless steel specimens and the data are inserted in Figs. 6 and 7.

Weight loss measurement was done after the dipping test to observe any reduction of steel sample after dipping, which indicates the reaction and the formation of intermetallic phases as a result of the diffusion and loosing of Fe to the aluminum and cause the die soldering defect.
United States of America: Library Congress cataloging in Publication Data, 2003, pp. 1-183

In addition, it affects the organization and rearrangement of the components in the films causing a reduction or loss of transparency of the films [10].
The FTIR spectra provides reliable data on the functional groups and interactions of the components in the films via the bonding vibrations [13, 21].

Fig. 6(c) shows the Tafel plot results from LSV data processing.
Vij et al., “Nickel-based electrocatalysts for energy-related applications: Oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions,” ACS Catal., vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 7196–7225, 2017, doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01800

For the purpose of evaluating the rate constants at different temperatures in “diffusion-controlled step”, the data in Fig. 4 are fitted according to parabolic law, Eq. 2, as the dashed lines showing: x2 - x02 = 2kpt
Ao, The Correlation between the Reduction of Interface State Density at the SiO2/SiC Interface and the NO Post-oxide-annealing Conditions, Mater.

In the table, the following symbols are adopted: fmd0, compressive strength of unconfined masonry; fmd, compressive strength of confined masonry; fl, total confining lateral pressure; f’l, effective confining lateral pressure; gm, masonry density; D, diameter of the circular cross-section or diagonal of the polygonal cross-section of the column; fc,mat and tmat, compressive strength and thickness of the mortar matrix in FRCM systems; Ψf, reduction factor.
The results are reported for all models together with the experimental data.

It has been reported that the implication of this traditional practice increases the cost when involving single and low volume production, which requires specialized equipment, reduction of multiple labor intensive steps of mold making, cheap refractory and binder materials.
However, RP process inherits low accuracy and surface roughness issues due to the staircase effect and tessellation of CAD data.

Table 2: Summary of data sets of investigated hardfacing samples.
A reduction of hard phase content improves wear rate only in a slightly way what means that other parameters may have a more pronounced effect under impact/abrasion regime.

Table 2 - Data on biogas in PE pipes for possible rewind 50 to 150m [7].
- 4º Calculate biogas flow rate: One can measure the biogas flow rate produced in anaerobic digesters in full production, using biogas volumetric meter and obtain a good estimation of the real value, or one can estimate the production of biogas using a software such as UasbWare [8], or using equations that take into account the reduction of organic loading promoted by the digester, through the relationship between the biogas production and removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD).

The latter remains on relatively high level what is important in applications because it ensures a reduction of eddy current losses.
Numerical analysis of the experimental data made by applying Eq. (8) is given in [35] where it was shown that for different amorphous alloys (Fe80B20, Co45Fe5Ni30Si8.8B13.2, Co67.5Fe5Si11B16.5, Fe40Ni40P14B6) the parameter n is from the range 0.6 - 0.9 and can be temperature dependent.