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This can produce the necessary number of slip systems to promote plastic deformation.
Second, to reduce the grain size.
(c) Grain size distribution.
The rather small grain size of the materials under investigation leads to suggest that in this temperature range, grain boundary sliding can be a major contribution to deformation.
Fracture occurs in this case producing a large number of small particles.

During extrusion, more MgZn2 compounds were precipitated from the supersaturated Al matrix and observed on the grain boundaries and in the grain interiors.
The precipitates in the grain interiors are well distributed.
A number of fine particles are observed in the matrix.
Table 1 7×××serious aluminum alloy room-temperature properties with powder hot extrusion technique and traditional method Number Alloy Fabrication method σb/MPa σ0.2/MPa δ/% Ref.
The microstructure of powder is composed of Al matrix and MgZn2 phase on the grain boundaries and in the grain interiors.

Their melting points and densities are quite different, which leads to serious component segregation during solidification of the alloy and a large number of shrinkage defects.
There are a large number of defects in the ingot, and the diameter of some defects can reach more than 200um.
Sn is evenly distributed in the α-Al grain boundary in the form of a network.
Most of the Sn phases are twisted and a large number of Sn phases are broken.
In addition to the network distribution of Sn phases at the grain boundaries of the Al alloy matrix, there are also a large number of granular Sn phases inside the grains.

In order to investigate the flexural behavior of concrete beam reinforced with 500MPa fine grain high steel bars, four rectangle cross-section concrete beam subjected to static bending test were made.
Static bending test of concrete beam reinforced with 500MPa fine grain steel bars is necessary to get to know the characteristics of 500MPa steel bars as reinforcements for RC members.
Therefore, four static bending test of concrete beams reinforced with 500MPa fine grain steel bars were made and its mechanic characteristic, bearing capacity, crack and deflection were investigated.
Strain of steel bar and concrete increase sustainable with the increasing of load, number of crack increase and upward, deformation increase sustainable and stability.
Experiment results show that the mechanical performance of concrete beam reinforced with 500MPa fine grain high strength reinforcement was similar to normal concrete beam.

Moreover, the number of the precipitates at the grain boundary in the Cu-added alloy was smaller than that in the binary alloy.
All specimens were equal in average grain size, about 150mm, due to the homogenization at 853K.
Also, the average size of precipitates on the grain boundary in the Cu-added alloy was larger than that of the binary alloy.
The number of the precipitates on the grain boundary in the Cu-added alloy was smaller than that of the binary alloy.
Moreover, the number of the precipitates at the grain boundary in the Cu-added alloy was smaller than that in the binary alloy.

For the solution of this equations it is necessary to use the two kinds of kinetic parameters: the first one is the triple product hDs ~ of the segregation coefficient, of the grain-boundary diffusion coefficient and grain-boundary thickness and second one is the grain boundary mobility.
The calculation of the entropy production rate due to grain boundary diffusion and atom jumps through grain boundary.
We calculate the grain boundary energy between two grains of the same phase with different compositions according to Pines [26]: ( ) constczczc +−⋅= 2 0 0 ))(()( γγ , (18) where A m ss Nz Vg zn 2 0 =γ , sn is the number of atoms in the interface unit, 3=sz is the coordination number of atoms in the grain boundary, 12=z is the coordination number in the grains, and AN is Avogadro constant.
In this approach sszn is considered to be the number of broken bonds between atoms in the grain boundary in comparison with the bulk structure.
(21) The first term in the square bracket corresponds to differences in the structure between the grain boundary Sn precipitation and grain Sn precipitation.

The difference of grain size is remarkable, which the farther the grain is away from rivet head top, the smaller grain size is.
However, the grain boundary is relatively clear and a large number of grains produce twins as shown in Fig.4 (a).
The grains within the ASB are severely elongated, then the grains on both sides of ASB crush and distribute along the ASB as shown in Fig.4 (b).
In the small deformation zone, grains crush severely and grain boundaries are not obvious.
Large deformation mainly concentrates on upper side of ASB, while grains deformation on lower side of that is small and most of grain boundaries are clear.

The degree of splitting of {111} grains is higher than {100} grains [18,28].
As the number of rolling process increases, the recrystallization temperature and grain size decrease.
If the annealing temperature rise, grains will be coarse which is not conducive to obtaining fine grains.
On the other hand, the growth of {111} grains will consume {100} grains.
Long, Pass number dependence of through-thickness microstructure homogeneity in tantalum sheets under the change of strain path, Mater Charact. 160 (2019)

Deformation bands were observed in all grains.
The extent of deformation banding varied from grain to grain in terms of morphology and spacing.
The Vickers hardness number (VHN) was determined with a 300-g load.
Note the differences in terms of grain subdivision in adjacent grains.
Curling of grains is necessary to accommodate the flow of individual grains in bcc metals [10].

Attachment and leaching test with pyrite grains.
For the attachment and leaching assays on pyrite grains, crushed pyrite was wet sieved and sterilized as described [9].
Flasks were incubated at 65°C with shaking at 120 rpm. 1 mL samples from supernatants were taken periodically and pH, ferric and ferrous iron as well as planktonic cell numbers were determined [4].
Similar results were obtained in attachment tests with pyrite grains.
No significant changes in the number of planktonic cells were observed during the experiment.