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) [4] Trunov,M.L. et al.
[5] Kalman,E. et al.
[9] Csanady,A. et al.
Characterization and comparison of rapidly solidified Al particles, mechanically milled nanostructures and their consolidated structures made by high energy rate forming (HERF) technique.
Surface & Interface Analysis 40 , 875-880 (2008) [12] Berke,P., Houdaigui,F.El. & Massart,T.J.

A typical removal yield for Al, for example, is in the range of 0.3 µm3/nC.
Buseck, et al., Magnetite morphology and life on Mars, PNAS, November 20, vol. 98, no. 24, pp. 13490-13495, 2001.
Available on-line at: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/24/13490 [2] Søren Schmidt, et al., In-situ measurements of nuclei within the bulk of deformed Al…, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 467-470, pp. 189-192, 2004
El-Dasher, B.L.

EDS analysis showed that three types of oxides formed on the surface of the alloys: more smooth Cr and Al-rich oxide (point 1), coarse Cr-rich oxide (point2) and Cr, Ti-rich oxide protuberances (point3).
EDS analysis indicated that the internal oxide was enriched in Al and that the external scale consisted primarily chromium oxide with some Ti-rich oxides.
The thick external Cr2O3 and TiO2 scale was accompanied by severe internal oxidation of Al.
Stringer et al. [19] proposed the nucleation theory and they hypothesized that RE addition shortens the transient oxidation stage, due to RE oxide particles acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites for Cr2O3.
El-Dahshan, and J.Stringer: Corr.

In a recent work, Chemisky et al. [7] have shown that such a formulation can be explicitely defined by the two maximum transformation strain in tension and compression, respectively.
Utilizing the constitutive model proposed by Chemisky et al. [7], finite element simulations are carried out to predict the strain fields on the area of interest of the specimen.
An optimization algorithm is further required to minimize the error between the experimental and numerically-computed strain fields.Constitutive model and description of tension-compression asymmetry The formulation of the phenomenological constitutive model of Chemisky et al. [7] is based on the description of a thermodynamic free energy potential employing a chosen set of complementary independent state variables (external and internal).
In the constitutive model of Chemisky et al., it is assumed that amplitude of the average transformation strain tensor εT reaches a maximum: |εT| 6 εTSAT (1) To capture the tension-compression asymmetry, the physical limitation (eq. 1) is expressed using a modified formulation of Prager equation written in terms of the average transformation strain tensor invariants: εTsat = K(1 + β J3 J2 3 2 )1n with J2 = 1 2 ¯εTij¯εTij, J3 = 1 3 ¯εTij¯εTjk¯εTki (2) K and β parameters are related to the tension and compression maximum tranformation strain, considering the components of the average transformation strain tensor in tension and compression εTtrac and εTcomp: εTij = εTtrac   1 0 0 0 −12 0 0 0 −12  , εTij = εTcomp   −1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 2  . (3) Parameters K and β are thus written: K = εTtrac(1 + β α)− 1 n, β = (1 − γ γ + 1) α, γ = (εTcomp εTtrac )n. (4) α is a constant value coming from J2 and J3 invariants definition (α ≃ 2.6) and γ is the ratio between
El Amrani, A.

The EDS elemental analysis of alloy (a) in Table 1 is similar to that reported by Erhu Yan et al [21].
The alloy (c) consists of BCC-(NbTaV, Hf) solid solution and HfCo which is confirmed by ErHu Yan et al [21].
Al-Mufachi, N.V.
Nishimura, Hydrogen permeation characteristics of V-Ni-Al alloys, Int.
Li, et el, Microstructure and hydrogen permeation charactristic of near eutectic Nb-Ti-Co hydrogen separation alloy, Acta Metall.

The contact stiffness characteristics of the frontal structures applied in the model were obtained from the studies of S.Faßbender, et al [3, 4].
References [1] Carter EL, Neal-Sturgess CE, Hardy RN: Definition of Vehicle and Pedestrian/Cyclist Impact Conditions, APROSYS WP3.1.
[3] Faßbender S, Gugler J, Feist F, et al: Demonstrator Module for New Design Concepts, APROSYS WP2.1.
[4] Chinnaswamy G K, Chirwa E C, Nammi S K, et al: Benchmarking and accident characteristics of flat-fronted commercial vehicles with respect to pedestrian safety.
[5] Yang J K, Lövsund P, Cavallero C, et al: A human-body 3D mathematical model for simulation of car-pedestrian impacts.

Asmara and Ismail [1] reported corrosion currents in the order of 102 times the values obtained by this study at a little higher potential range for a steel dipping in a weak acetic acid in the presence of H2S and CO2, while Hu et al.[8] obtained corrosion currents in the order of 10 times lower than the values reported by this study for a 13.0 wt.% chrome in stainless steel dipping in NaCl solution at same potential range with this study.
Hu et al. [8] found a strong cathodic polarization at higher current density for stainless steel (13 wt.% chrome) corrosion exposed in NaCl solution.
Moreover, Hu et al. [8] reported that a stainless steel in a passive state showed a corrosion potential (Ecorr) of about -0.3VSCE in the range of current density of 1 – 100 nA cm-2.
It is not surprising due to much lower chrome content used in this study than that of the 13 wt.% stainless steel used by Hu et al. [8] Furthermore, as the applied potential shifted to a more positive value, the anodic current density immediately increased to a higher current density exceeded 1000 nA cm-2 (Fig.6) as an indication of immediate metal dissolution as the potential scan moved to positive direction (>> – 0.35VSCE).
El-Shamy: J.

EL-Bourawi, Reduction of automobile carbon dioxide emissions, International Journal Material Forming.11(3)(2010) 663-666
Al, Experimental and numerical investigations in conventional and ultrasonically assisted drilling of CFRP laminate, Procedia CIRP. 1(2012)455-459
Hewison, et al., An Integrated telemetric thermocouple sensor for process monitoring of CFRP milling operations, Procedia CIRP. 1 (2012) 449-454
Lusquinos,et al., Experimental study on the CO2 laser cutting of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite, Composites: Part A. 43 (2012)1400-1409
Lim, et al., Study on UV laser machining quality of carbon fibre reinforced composites, Composites: Part A. 41(2010)1403-1408.

To improve the structural performance of wall-slab joint, Al-Aghabari et. al [9] performed experimental work of wall-slab joint using two types of joints; anchorage bracing and cross bracing joints.
Anuar et. al [10] had tested a single unit 3-storey tunnel form building under in-plane lateral cyclic loading, and a lot of cracks were detected at the first and second floor.
References [1] Galal, K. and El-Sokkary, .
[9] Al-Aghabari, A., Hamzah, S.H., Hamid, N.H. and Rahman, N.

Yazid Laib Dit Leksir: review & editing Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Laboratory of Ingredients and Active Substances, Larbi Ben Mhidi University Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria.
Nanomaterials, 13(1), 145, (2023), [30] Sujatha K, Seethalakshmi T, Sudha A P, et al.
Park: Transparent conducting ZnO: Al, in and Sn thin films deposited by the sol–gel method.
[39] Ahmed S F, Ghosh P K, Khan S, et al.
[41] Dhiman, M., Bhukal, S., Chudasama, B. et al.