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In the study process factors namely feed rate, speed and coolant were analysed to understand the effect on the surface roughness, percentage (%) of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness of the Aluminium (Al) sheet metal after forming.
In the study it is observed that, the surface roughness, percentage of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness, all are interrelated to each other and hence, it is necessary to employ statistical methods to predict these parameter’s dependency [3].
The obtained experimental results surface roughness, % of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness are tabulated below (Table 1).
Table 2 Model summary statistics for surface roughens, % of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness of incremental forming Source Standard deviation Mean R2 Adj.
The optimum search is then driven by the minimum tool path, in order to reduce the number of trials.

., As, S, Sb etc. are precipitated on the grain boundary, which cause the noticeable decrease in impact strength.
S.No: Thermal Treatment Cooling Rate (C/min) Biot Number (<0.1) 1.
Annealed 4.6 0.001 The validity of assumption based on Lumped Capacitance computed results can be expressed by Biot Numbers i.e., for a valid assumption the Biot Number should be <0.1.
The as received condition was hot rolled, where equiaxed grains could be seen.
At this point the grain size was reduced to 32 ± 7µm.

Also, the electrical conductivity decreased with increasing numbers of ECAP passes.
However, the uniform elongation increases from 0.75% up to 2,5% with the number of passes.
Langdon: Principles of ECAP as a processing tool for grain refinement.
Langdon: The principles of grain refinement in ECAP.
Manesh: High-strength, high-conductivity ultra-fine grains commercial pure copper produced by ARB process.

There are also some small grains distributed in the grain boundary, indicating that the dynamic recrystallization occurred during hot extrusion.
This type of recrystallization grains became more Fig. 1.
Besides many recrystallization grains, a lot of twins on the grains are observed in both as-rolled sheets as shown in Figs. 3c and 3d.
The improved plasticity is considered due to the finer grain size resulted from the increasing pass numbers.
It is clearly from Eq. 1 that a fine-grained rolling sheet is stronger than one with coarse grain size because it has a greater total grain boundary area to impede the motion of dislocation.

As seen in Fig. 1 (a), the hot-forged Ti-1023 consists of large β grains with an average grain size of 500 μm.
The β grains contain a high volume fraction of α plates with a low aspect ratio, and nearly continuous distribution of α along the grain boundaries is also observed.
It is clearly seen that stress induced martensites (SIMs) are formed within some β grains in Ti-1023 heat-treated at 760℃ and a large number of SIMs are observed in the sample in heat-treated condition of 820℃.
The number of martensites in the large β grains of the sample heat-treated at 820℃ is much larger than that of the sample at 760℃.
In general, higher temperatures or longer time resulted in larger β grain sizes with a lower volume fraction of stress induced martensite and their presence was restricted to the neighbourhood of grain boundaries.

After the ECP treatments, some fine β precipitates appear along the α phase grain boundaries and in grain interiors, as shown in Fig. 2 (b) and (c).
Hereafter, we denote the ECP induced β precipitates located along the α grain boundaries βGB, whereas those located in the α grain interiors βGI.
That means the β precipitates obeys the K-S OR when formed along the α grain boundaries, or the N-W OR when formed in the α grain interiors.
TEM bright field images of crystal defects along α grain boundaries and in α grain interiors.
Guo, Grain refinement and formation of ultrafine-grained microstructure in a low-carbon steel under electropulsing.

In addition to the differences on protein content, there are also differences on wheat grain shape, grain color, grain weight and many other characteristics between these materials.
Assume that the number of samples M and the number of wavelengths K make up a near-infrared spectrum of absorption matrix XM×K, denoted by xk(0) and N(Nnumber of wavelengths we need to extract.
The number of input layer node is 8 and export layer node is 1.
Input is 8 sensitive wave points and export is the corresponding grain protein content.
Maximum number of training steps is 10000.

Therefore, many researchers have focused on how to form a high number of nano-sized precipitates in the matrix.
On the other hand, the allotriomorphic ferrite was decorated along the prior parent grain boundaries and grew into the interior of austenite grains as the steels were isothermally held in the dual phase (α+γ) region.
The martensite was surrounded by allotriomorphic ferrite grains because martensite formed from the austenite grain when the steel was quenched to room temperature.
The average grain size was measured using the linear intercept method, counting more than 100 grains for each condition.
This result also corresponds to a high austenite decomposition rate due to the low number of carbon atoms that needed to be ejected from the parent austenite.

If the number of active grains increases while maintaining the wheel depth of cut, the actual stress on the silver electrode layer becomes even and small.
The use of semi bonded abrasive plate is effective in increasing the number of active grains.
The number of active grains will increase and the grain depth of cut will decrease.
When the load increased to a certain value, the number of active grits did not increase.
The number of active grains increased by the load increasing, and the pressure depth of grains decreased, which resulted in reduction of the cutting force of each grain.

After heating, a sub-micron grain size is retained.
The equivalent deformation introduced after a number of passes N is eN = 0.906N [9].
The microstructure for N=3 consists in well defined grains of about 200nm in size.
The main effect is that the peaks are shifted to lower temperatures when the number of passes is increased.
A substantial grain refinement is obtained for N=3; the fine grains are randomly oriented.