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The average grain size dramatically decreased from 115 μm to 70 μm with applying EMS.
Various colors in the photograph show different orientation of grains.
Fig. 6 Average grain size distribution.
A large number of small grains sedimented and flowed under the control of natural and then forced convections, eventually accumulated in the bottom area of the sump.
Those small grains may attribute to the negative segregation.

Because the plasticity of ferrite phase is better than that of cementite phase, a large number of dislocation lines (DLs) and dislocation tangles (DTs) are formed in the ferrite phases.
The boundary of the big grain becomes illegibility.
The grain size for this layer is about 5~65 nm with an average value of 16nm.
The SAED pattern shows approximatively random misorientations among these grains.
Along with grain refined and cementite decomposed, the size of grain tends to uniformity.

Nano grains in the boundary phase were observed, which might enhance the space charge behavior.
The ceramic body is thus a capacitor composed of a large number of individual minor capacitors that are in series with or parallel to one another.
Amorphous phase is observed at the grain boundary region between two semiconductive SiC grains.
The width of the grain boundary is about 200 nm.
The width of the grain boundary is ~200 nm.

Steel silos are commonly constructed by welding together a large number of curved steel panels with lap joints.Where the lap runs horizontally around the silo circumference, the lap connection causes a local eccentricity in the line of vertical thrust in the shell wall.
Steel silos are commonly constructed by welding together a large number of curved steel panels with lap joints.
By stressing loads calculated according to Chinese code for design of grain steel silos, this paper uses the finite element software to analyze the stability of lap-jointed steel silo, providing a reference for the future design of steel silos.
Chinese code for design of grain steel silos and Eurocode both consider the internal pressure to improve the stability critical stress.
Under two load cases, by formula of Chinese code for design of grain steel silos and compared it with the finite element calculation, see Fig. 7and Fig. 8.

The cube-texture fraction is plotted against the ratio of the average grain size to the initial grain size.
Microstructures for investigating the effect of fraction and average grain size The Monte Carlo Potts model can be also used to examine the influence on grain growth in quasibinary systems of both the relative average grain sizes and the initial texture fraction.
This artificially forces the growth of cube grains.
Cube grains are shown in light gray.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract numbers: 50671052 and 50371041.

The alloy should require improving thermal stability of grain structure as well as a finer grain size for the industrial application.
The lower stress should be related to finer grain size.
Change in the grain size implies strain induced grain growth though relation to grain boundary sliding is not confirmed.
RD TD (a) RD TD (b) (a) 0 1 2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Misorientation angle [degrees] Number fraction ：RD ：TD Al-Mg-Mn (T1) Temperature 573K Holding time 300s (b) 0 2 4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Misorientation angle [degrees] Number fraction ：RD ：TD Al-Mg-Mn (T1) Temperature 573K Holding time 300s Initial strain rate 5.6× 10 -4 s -1 Elongation 78.8％ Fig.5 Intragranular misorientation distributions of tensile specimens: (a) immediately before the test and (b) deformed at 573K and .6x10 -4s-1 to failure with an elongation of 78.2%.
Grain refinement has been achieved by severe rolling in all of samples to grain sizes less than 10µm, especially 4.6 and 4.8µm in F1 and F2, respectively.

In addition, with the increase of Sr addition, the ductility was improved and it was observed that the number of cleavage steps and secondary cracks decreased on the fracture surfaces of tensile samples.
Samples were homogenized at 550 oC for 30 minutes to delineate the grain boundaries.
(3) With the increase of Sr addition, the number of cleavage steps and secondary cracks is decreased in the as-cast samples, which improves the ductility of the alloys.
Mccartney , Grain refining of aluminum and its alloys using inoculants, Int.
Stjohn, The Role of Solute in Grain Refinement of Magnesium, Metall.

Nucleation rate and number of precipitates in V and Nb-microalloyed steels Sebastián F.
The number of precipitates was calculated by integration of the nucleation rate expression.
The interaction of these two phenomena has been widely studied by a number of researchers, who have considered different variables such as the steel composition, strain, strain rate, austenite grain size and deformation temperature, among others.
On the other hand, the integration of equation (1) would give the number of precipitates per unit of volume (N).
Precipitate number vs. time.

This paper studies the reheating temperature, deformation temperature, the amount of deformation, the influence that the average pass deformation quantity and number of deformation passes of austenite recrystallization region on Deformed Austenite recrystallization percentage and austenite grain size, to obtain reheating temperature,deformation temperature, the amount of deformation and the average pass deformation amount of austenite recrystallization region of the desired austenite structure[1].
By the experimental results, under the same heating time, when the heating temperature is 1250 ℃, steel austenitic grain average cross-sectional length significantly increased, and austenite grains significantly roughened.
When the average pass deformation greater than 20%, the austenite grain size will be reduced.
When the average pass deformation is greater than 20%, the austenite grain size decreased.
Effect of Zirconium additions on Austenite grain coarsening of C-Mn and microalloy steels.

The reason of this likely is the decreasing of the nucleation sites at the austenite grain boundaries and inside the small austenite grains.
The number of the intersections of the parallel test lines and the ferrite-ferrite or ferrite-pearlite boundaries per unit length was measured parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axes.
(1) where ( )pLP = number of the intersections of the investigated particles and the test lines parallel to the rolling direction, ( )nLP = number of the intersections of the investigated particles and the test lines perpendicular to the rolling direction.
It was found that by increasing the degree of deformation, the amount of the elongated ferrite grains increases and the grain size is decreasing.
The number of the parameters in the regression model was decreased based on the multicollinearity.