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Amorphous structure Wheat husk Broad peaks observed.
Amorphous structure Rice husk Broad peaks observed.
Amorphous structure Flyash Sharp peaks were observed.
Crystalline Structure It was discovered that the amorphous structure was present in all activated charcoals made from agricultural waste.
A., New Trends in Removing Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater, Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 4, (2011) 361-377

Influence of Oxidant on Electrical Properties of the Polypyrrole-Coated Cotton Fabrics Ming Lu1,2, Zhenyun Zhao2, Zulan Liu2and Zhiping Mao1,* 1College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No.2999, North People Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.
The evolution of resistivities, morphology, surface chemistry and mechanical strength were characterized by a four-points probe resistivity system, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mechanical test instrument.
The broader band at 955 and 905 cm-1 was associated with the C-H out of plane bending vibration in quinoid or benzoid structures of pyrrole.
Synthesis and characterization of chemical structure and thermal stability of nanometer size polyaniline and polypyrrole coated on rice husk [J].

Structure characterization.
Results and Discussion Structure analysis of SCS.
Beside the fluidity change during 1 h, the effect of dosage on the fluidity may be attributed to the difference structure between SCS and NSF.
Sun, Progress in Chemical Modification of Chitin and Chitosan, Pro. in Chemistry. 16(2004) 643-653.
Feng, Research of Sulfonated Chitosan by Sulphuric Acid, Chemistry & Bioengineering. 4(2005) 12-14.

Chemical and structural characterization was made by Infra Red Spectroscopy (IR) in a Bruker Vector 33 FTIR apparatus in diffuse reflectance and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) in a Rigaku MiniFlex diffractometer in samples before and after MGCP in order to establish a possible change in chemistry or microstructure of HAp during the process.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out in a Jeol JSM-6060LV microscope to observe the porous structure and morphology of the samples after the MGCP.
As it can be observed, samples before and after MGCP show the same band structure, which means that the chemistry of the mineral remains the same after the process.
It is interesting to notice that the crystalline structure remains the same after all the process, even after the formation of the final organic-inorganic composite.
It is interestig to notice the organic phase conecting the HAp inorganic structure in fig. 3 (b).

Preparation and Characterization of LnTaO4 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Dy, Er and Tm) Atsushi Fujita 1, a, Hiroaki Matsushita2,b and Akinori Katsui1,c 1 Dept. of Materials Chemistry, 2Dept. of Information and Communication Technology, School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, 317 Nishino, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-0318, Japan a 5AFMM004@wing.ncc.u-tokai.ac.jp, bMatusita@wing.ncc.u-tokai.ac.jp, cak102677@wing.ncc.utokai.ac.jp Keywords: LnTaO4, LaTaO4, single phase, particle quality, photocatalytic activity, water spliting Abstract.
Machida et al [8] studied on photocatalytic activity of LnTaO4 (Ln=La,Ce,Pr,Nd and Sm) in connection to the effect of Ln 4f levels on the electronic structure, and concluded that the fact that the highest photocatalytic activity was attained by LaTaO4 is due to the highest La 4f level position from the conduction band edge.
The same step structure was observed in other LnTaO4 (Ln=La, Nd and Sm) particles.
structure �c b a Table 1 Lattice parameter of LnTaO4 quality.
Akihiko Kudo and Mr.Toshiyasu Kurihara, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, for photocatalytic activity measurements of LnTaO4.

It has layer structure character apparently different from alumina which has dense pile structure[3].
Due to the special layer structure of β''-alumina that sodium ion located at the edge of every layer, sodium ion can diffuse through β''-alumina by replacing the sodium ion location in β''-alumina and letting the inside sodium diffuse to the other side.
And the sodium carbonate formed by other sodium compounds decomposition easily to exhibit porous and spongiform structure, it is also against these powders to react with other powders.
References [1] J T Kummer: Progress in Solid State Chemistry Vol. 7 (1972), p.141 [2] G Yamaguchi, K Suzuki: Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan Vol. 41 (1968), p.93 [3] Y Y Yao, J T Kummer: Journal of Inorganic and Unclear Chemistry Vol. 29 (1967), p.2453 [4] R W Powers, S P Mitoff, E Szymalak, U.S.

The equiatomic intermetallic FeTi with the CsCl structure has been the subject of numerous experimental and computation studies [3-7].
It is well know that the CsCl structure has many interstitial sites: six tetrahedral (T) and three octahedral (O) sites [8].
Munoz Jr, in: Electronic structure and phonon thermodynamics of iron alloys.
Wiswall: Inorganic Chemistry 7 (1968), p. 2254 [6] L.
Sanyal: Chemistry and Materials Research Vol.3 No.8 (2013), p. 22 [8] Y.

Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA 4 Universiteit Hasselt, IMO Division Chemistry, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium a claesm@imec.be, bmmfrank@us.ibm.com, c robert.carleer@uhasselt.be Keywords: post-etch photoresist, low-k, BEOL, polymer characterization, solvents, megasonic Introduction In new semiconductor technology generations, with BEOL feature sizes shrinking to 65 nm and below, the amount of damage induced by plasma etch and ash processes to porous low-k materials is becoming an issue [1].
The composition of post-etch PR is strongly dependent on integration scheme, etch plasma chemistry and materials used.
For the samples with pattern, single damascene (SD) BDI low-k structures are etched for 50s under the same RIE process conditions.
Then cleaning tests on post-etch SD BDI structures are performed on a single wafer (SW) megasonic tool modified to handle organic solvents.
The most promising solvents are further investigated in cleaning tests on SD patterned BDI structures.

Recycling technology of thermoplastic plastic is well-developed [1]; however, it is very difficult to recycle waste thermosetting plastic due to its crosslink structure.
So far, main recycling methods for thermosetting plastic include mechanical method, chemistry method, landfill and thermal energy recovery method, among which the landfill is widely used [2].
Mechanical and physical method takes advantage of comprehensive interacts of different mechanical forces, changes the physical and chemical property, destroys the crosslink structure making the thermosetting plastics recover molding capacity.
This is because more electricity is consumed in regeneration process than molding process, besides in regeneration process a small amount VOC such as methanal volatilize due to the degradation of crosslink structure.
[3] Chen D,Chen Z H, in: Mechanochemistry, edited by Beijing chemistry press(2010),pp.305-435

The subjects of high temperature oxidation, diffusion and defect chemistry in oxides, and diffusion mechanisms and diffusion data in crystalline solids are well addressed in the open literature [1-15].
LeClair, in: Treatise on Solid State Chemistry, edited by N.B.
Tilley: Defect Crystal Chemistry and its Applications (Blackie & Son Ltd., London 1987)
O'Keeffe, eds.: The Chemistry of Extended Defects in Non-Metallic Solids (North Holland, Amsterdam 1970)
Turkdogan: Physical Chemistry of High Temperature Processes (Academic Press, New York 1980)