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Processing and Characterization of Al-Cu-Mg Alloy Rivets for Aerospace Applications Niraj Nayan a S.V.S.
Sinha e Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Trivandrum-695 022 ametnayan@gmail.com, bsusarla.murty@gmail.com, alok_agarwal@vssc.gov.in, dsc_sharma@vssc.gov.in, epp_sinha@vssc.gov.in Keywords: Rivets, Al-Cu-Mg alloy, V65 aluminium alloy, microstructure, wire drawing Abstract: Al-Cu-Mg (Russian grade V65) alloys are used for riveting applications in aerospace industries due to their relatively high shear strength of the order of 25 kg/mm2 combined with a high plasticity.
The average composition of the billet is Al-4.1Cu-0.21 Mg-0.45Mn with Fe and Si each 0.13 max.
(MPa) % El Shear Strength (MPa) Condition 253 212 16.4 165 As drawn 415 254 30.5 275 Solution treated 418 256 29 292 T6 The wires processed from 9mm dia rods with and without intermittent annealing have been tested for their mechanical properties along the length of the rods.
(MPa) % El Shear Strength (MPa) Remark 424 270 27 281 Without intermittent anneal 423 264 26.5 274 With intermittent anneal Figure- 2 shows the microstructure a of the sample taken from 6mm dia. wire along the and across the wire drawing directions.

This prediction was based on the deformation of theory of McDowell et al [[] McDowell EL, McKee KE, Sevin E.
Calors et al [[] Carlos E.
Roger Cheng, “Punching of Two-Way Concrete Slabs with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars or Grids”, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 100, No.5, 2003, pp. 589-598 ] and Jacobson et al [[] D.A.
Under this condition, equation 2 could be modified as below: (3) With the substitution of equation 4 to equation 1, the shear punching prediction method can be expressed as: critical perimeter (4) Validation In this study, two experimental tests by Sherif et al [[] Sherif El-Gamal, Ehab El-Salakawy, and Brahim Benmokrane, Behavior of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars Under Concentrated Loads, ACI Structural Journal, September-October 2005, pp727-735. ][[] Sherif El-Gamal, Ehab El-Salakawy, and Brahim Benmokrane, Influence of Reinforcement on the Behavior of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with FRP Bars, ASCE, Journal of Composite for Construction, Vol. 11, No.5, 2007, pp449-458. ] and one experimental test by Khanna et al [[] Khanna.
The test model named G-S1 by Sherif et al [12] was selected as the physical model in this study.

The mechanical properties of Fe-28%Mn-1.5%Al and Fe-0.6%C-18%Mn-1.5%Al-0.07%Nb (all in wt.%) steels subjected to hot plate rolling at a temperature of 1423 K with a total reduction of 60% were studied.
Experimental Two high-Mn TWIP steels, Fe-28%Mn-1.5%Al and Fe-18%Mn-0.6%C-1.5%Al-0.07%Nb, have been used in the present study.
Original hot rolled microstructures in the Fe-28%Mn-1.5%Al (a) and Fe-18%Mn-0.6%C-1.5%Al-0.07%Nb (b) steels.
Steel K1, [MPa] n1 K2 n2 eL Fe-28Mn-1.5Al 1000 0.47 5.16 -74 0.043 Fe-18Mn-0.6C-1.5Al-0.07Nb 1585 0.34 5.72 -31.5 0.105 Fig. 3.
Deformation microstructures in the Fe-28%Mn-1.5%Al (a) and Fe-18%Mn-0.6%C-1.5%Al-0.07%Nb (b) steels after tensile tests.

From the environmental viewpoint, we give the evaluation model of environmental load (EL) of product by Eqs. 6 and 7: (6) (7) where EL is environmental load, LT is the lifetime of product, ELmeta is EL of material, ELmanu is EL of manufacturing, ELeolo is EL of end-of-life options.
In Eq.7, k is the number of modules of product, ki is kinds of materials of module i, is the ratio of each kind of material j in the ith module, is the EL of the utilization of material j, pi is kinds of components of each module i, sq is kinds of processes of component q, is the ratio of each kind of process l in the qth component, is the EL of process l, is the ratio of each kind of component p in the ith module, wr is the EL of the recycle of component p, wd is the EL of the disposal of component p. 3 Case Study A reduction gear is used as an example to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
References [1] Jayal, A.D., et al., in: Sustainable manufacturing: Modeling and optimization challenges at the product, process and system levels, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science, 2010, 2(3): 1-10 [2] Sánchez, J., J.
Priest, et al., in: Intelligent reasoning assistant for incorporating manufacturability issues into the design process, Expert Systems with Applications, 1997, 12(1): 81-88 [3] Yasushi Umeda, Shinichi Fukushige, Keita Tonoike, Shinsuke Kondoh, in: Product modularity for life cycle design, CIRP Annals- Manufacturing Technology, 2008, 57 (1): 13–16 [4] Hwai-En Tseng, Chien-Chen Chang, Jia-Diann Li, in: Modular design to support green life-cycle engineering, Expert Systems with Applications, 2008, 34 (4): 2524–2537 [5] Shana Smith, Chao-Ching Yen, in: Green product design through product modularization using atomic theory, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2010, 26 (6): 1-2 [6] Kimura, F., Kato, S., Hata, T., Masuda, T., in: Product Modularization for Parts Reuse in Inverse Manufacturing, Annals of the CIRP, 2001, 50(1): 89-92

El-Saghier, H.
El Batal, F.H.
El-Samman, A.
El-Adawy, A.
[40] A.Al.

Table 1 Chemical compositions of the strip material in the hot rolling ( %,Weight) C Si Mn P S Al 0.165-0.125 0156-0.055 0.700-0.500 0.030-0.000 0.025-0.000 0.055-0.000 The height reduction and rolling speed of each pass are shown in Table 2.
As may be seen from this figure, the of temperature the surface nodes drop due to the heat convection and heat radiation, while temperature increase occurs at the symmetric plane with time because of the heat transfer from the surface. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 830 840 850 860 870 880 Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Di s t anc e f r om s t and al ong r ol l i ng di r ec t i on Di s t anc e f r om s t and al ong r ol l i ng di r ec t i on Di s t anc e f r om s t and al ong r ol l i ng di r ec t i on Di s t anc e f r om s t and al ong r ol l i ng di r ec t i on (((( mmmmmmmm) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 900 905 910 915 920 925 930 Nodes of surface Nodes of symmetry Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Time (s) (a) Temperature curve vs. distance from stand (b) Temperature curve vs. time Fig. 5 Modeling of temperature variation
For example the temperature data of file outputted by the Fig. 6 Temperature histories of the header, the middle and the tailor of the strip initial iteration read the number of nodes numnp f i rst node of el ement ?
So we proposed that the weighted mean temperature is taken for the surface temperature compared with the data from the plant. 0 10 20 30 40 50 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) No. of el ement No. of el ement No. of el ement No. of el ement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 Meas ur ed t emper at ur e Meas ur ed t emper at ur e Meas ur ed t emper at ur e Meas ur ed t emper at ur e Cac ul at ed t emper at ur e Cac ul at ed t emper at ur e Cac ul at ed t emper at ur e Cac ul at ed t emper at ur e Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) Temper at ur e ( ℃ ) No. of Pass No. of Pass No. of Pass No. of Pass Fig. 8 Calculated FDT curve at the exit Fig. 9 Measured and calculated temperature value of finishing pass Fig. 9 shows the temperature data at exit entrance of seven passes from the plant and the

El, IEEE Trans.
El, ECS Transactions, 58(4), (2013) 87
El, and D.
Chen, et al., J.
El, and D.

Fig. 6 and 7 show demand curves for the 10% / 50 years El Centro earthquake and 2% / 50 years Loma Prieta earthquake
Fig. 6 shows the CDM plot of the RCF subjected to the 10% / 50 yrs El Centro earthquake with performance criteria.
The structural performance is the CP stage for the 10% / 50 yrs El Centro earthquake.
The performance of the RCF is in the CP stage for the 10% / 50 years El Centro earthquake.
M. et al.: Simplified inelastic response evaluation using composite spectra, Earthquake Spectra, vol. 5(3), pp. 571-590, 1994

Finally the device was provided with a back electrode made of Al, a transparent top electrode made of indium tin oxide (ITO) and a final passivation layer which is only needed if the device is designed to be exposed to a wet ambient.
The spectra are normalized with respect to the EL peak at 541 nm and exhibit the same EL lines as in Fig. 9, whereby the blue EL lines are quenched with increasing Tb concentration.
Tb concentration dependence of the relative EL intensity of the blue and green EL (a), their intensity ratio (b) and their EL decay time (c).
The quenching of the blue EL is quantified in Fig. 11a showing the EL intensity of the brightest green EL line ( 5D4→7F5) at 541 nm and blue ( 5D3→ 7F5) EL line at 413 nm as a function of the Tb concentration.
Tb annealing temperature dependence of the relative EL intensity of the blue and green EL (a), their intensity ratio (b) and their EL decay time (c).

First we started with determining the RVE size by Kanit approach cited in [13], Djebara in [15] and El Moumen et al. in [17-19] imposing two boundary conditions, KUBC and periodic.
El Moumen, T.
El Moumen, A.
El Moumen, T.
El Moumen, T.