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P-type GaAs substrates were used as the starting material.
Panyakeow, “Optimization of stacking high-density quantum dot molecules for photovoltaic effect,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 93 (2009) 746-749
Hulicius, “Effect of the lower and upper interfaces on the quality of InAs/GaAs quantum dots,” Applied Surface Science 301 (2014) 173-177
Topič, “The effect of temperature on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on a propyl-methyl-imidazolium iodide electrolyte,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 91 (2007) 821–828
Muci, “New method to extract the model parameters of solar cells from the explicit analytic solutions of their illuminated I-V characteristics,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 90 (2006) 352-361

Ertekin: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 105/3 (2000), pp. 394-420
Liu: Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 5/1 (1986), p. 51-63
Ni: Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol. 119 (1997), pp. 717-725
Wang: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 129/1-3 (2002), pp. 624-628
Wu: Journal of Engineering for Industry, 115 (1993), pp. 85-92.

Experimental Raw materials & reagents：The raw material titanium slag is Australia’s Astron acid-soluble titanium slag whose chemical compositions and phase compositions refer to Table 1 and Figure 1.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2008, 319: 130-139
International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2006, 81: 79-84
Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2001, 84 (7), 1591-1596
Doctor Thesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2011.

Mechanics of materials method, response spectrum method and time history analysis method are employed to analyze the strength of the dam section.
In this paper, the strength of the Dahuaqiao dam, a practical project in southwest of China, is analyzed using mechanics of materials method, response spectrum method and nonlinear time history method under earthquake.
Results and discussion Material mechanics method.
Table 2 Superposed stress of static and dynamic（Method of mechanics of materials） Elevation(m) 1381.00 1410.00 1451.06 1458.00 1468.50 tensile stress of upstream surface (Mpa) -0.772 -0.666 -0.760 -0.903 -0.121 pressure stress of downstream surface(Mpa) 3.443 3.299 2.592 1.900 0.634 From calculation, the maximum tensile stress 0.904MPa appears in the surface of downstream 1458 m elevation, the maximum compressive stress 3.443 MPa in the foundation surface meet the requirements of bearing capacity.
Hongshui River.2004, 24 (1):42.( in Chinese) [5] Jiantao He, Boyan Zhang, Deyu Li, Houqun Chen.Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering.2009, 40(5):36.( in Chinese) [6] Zhanhong Qiu,Wohua Zhang, Journal of hydraulic engineering.2005,36(5):6.( in Chinese)

Vertical form of north anchor foundation Calculation model and material model.
Journal of hydraulic engineering, 2003, 34(3): 55-62.
Water Science and Engineering, 2008, 1 (3): 65-72 [8] Hu Zhuxiu, Zhang Jianhai, Zhou Zhong, Rao Hongling.
Journal of hydraulic engineering, 2011, 42(2): 152-159.
China Civil Engineering Journal, 2006, 39(7): 81–87.

Chiba, Behavior modeling and microstructural evolutions of Ti–6Al–4V alloy under hot forming conditions, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences.
Hodgson, Constitutive analysis of hot deformation behavior of a Ti6Al4V alloy using physical based model, Materials Science and Engineering.
Jahazi, Transformation softening in three titanium alloys, Materials & Design.
Specht, In situ observations of lattice expansion and transformation rates of α and β phases in Ti–6Al–4V, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.391 (2005) 104–113
Mohamed, Micrograin Superplasticity: Characteristics and Utilization, Materials, Vol.4 (2011)

Recently, there is developing need to create an eco-friendly approach of synthesis nanoparticles that does not utilized any toxic and hazardous materials.
Experimental Section Materials.
Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the structural and electronic properties of graphitic materials, especially for determining ordered and disordered crystal structures of graphene.
Zhu, Graphene− metal particle nanocomposites, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112(50) (2008) 19841-19845
Zhao, Preparation, characterization and antibacterial properties of silver-modified graphene oxide, Journal of Materials Chemistry 21(10) (2011) 3350-3352

The material of the conical shell was 2A12 and the material of target and balance weight was 45 steel.
Material model.
The material used for target is 45 steel.
Acknowledgement It is a project supported by the Science Foundation of CAEP for this research, Grant No.2007A04001 References [1] Zhou Chunyan,Yu Tongxi,Lishiwei: Review on shock response of portable electroric products under drop inpact-tests,simulations and theories.
Gupta, Venkatesh: Experimental and numerical studies of impact axial compression of thin-walled conical shells[J], International Journal of Impact Engineering.34(2007),p,708-721 [6] Chen Gang: Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Penetration Effects of Semi-Armor-Piercing Warhead [D].

Forming tool was defined as rigid material with dimensions of punch length Lp=25mm.
For the square sheet metal, material around edges of the straight sides would flow faster towards the mold cavity.
[2] Kandil, “An experimental study of hydro-forming deep drawing”, Journal of Materials processing Technology 134 (2003) 70-80
Xuan, “A study on hydrodynamic deep drawing equipment”, Journal of Materials processing Technology 101 (2000) 21-24
[5]“Standard Test Method for Tensile Strain-Hardening Exponents (n -Values) of Metallic Sheet Materials”, 2000, ASTM E646-00

In comparison with traditional magnetostrictive materials such as Fe-Co and Fe-Al, the value of Fe-Ga magnetostriction are several times higher, in a single crystal it can reach about 400 ppm [3].
Yan, Anomalous phase transformation in magnetostrictive Fe81Ga19 alloy, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 322 (2010) 2882-2887
Zuo, Strong Goss texture in recrystallized Fe81Ga19 sheet, Materials Scince Forum, 702-703 (2012) 742-745
Zuo, Primary recrystallization texture in rolled (Fe81Ga19)B1 sheet, Advanced Materials Research. 535-537 (2012) 772-775
Watanabe, Magnetostriction enhancement by high magnetic field annealing in cast Fe81Ga19 alloy, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 442 (2017) 128-135