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Ni(II) is present in effluents of a large number of industries.
These XRD peaks of vermiculite matched well with the standard card of vermiculite (JCPDS-77-0022).

Quite a number of ZnO nanostructures can be fabricated using hydrothermal method, with slight variations in the precursor concentrations, deposition temperatures and times.
These diffraction peaks and relative intensities match Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card no. 067454.

It can be seen from Fig. 1B, there are large number of nature peanutlike nanocrystals such as their shape and cave on the surface.
All the intensive and sharp diffraction peaks can be indexed to a pure tetragonal phase (space group:`C4b2) of crystalline β-Bi2O3 with the lattice constants a=1.094nm and c=0.564nm, which together with the intensity distribution are consistent with those of the standard card (JCPDS: 74-1374).

Recently, a large number of works have focused on the modification of TiO2 to make it sensitive to visible light.
Furthermore, the diffraction peaks at 2θ of 25.3o, 37.9o, 55.1o and 62.8o, corresponding to the facet of (101), (004), (211) and (204), can be ascribed to the structure of TiO2 (JCPDS card No. 89-4921), respectively.

The location that the strongest peak corresponds to 2θ=25.3°was the characteristic diffraction peak of anatase TiO2 and the d values of the rest diffraction peaks coincided with the anatase TiO2 diffraction peaks in the standard JCPDS card, so TiO2 fabricated was anatase TiO2.
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of TiO2 gel obtained in various temperatures Fig. 2 TEM of nano-TiO2 particles at 230°C Fig. 3 SEM pattern of TiO2 thin film at 230°C Table. 1 The diameters of nano-TiO2 particles fabricated by the hydrothermal method Number The hydrothermal temperature The particle size II 170°C 10 V 200°C 16 VIII 230°C 20 Specific surface area became smaller and the dye adsorbance decreased when the diameters of nano-TiO2 particles became small and the contact area of the electrolyte and the particles also became smaller which lead to the compound chance of the electrons injected onto the TiO2 electrod and the electron acceptors in the electrolyte solution being reduced.

With the progressing of tissue engineering, the porous scaffold possessing interconnected open pore structure was gained more attention in the past decade and a number of methods to produce the porous calcium phosphate ceramics have been developed.
In the XRD pattern of the scaffold (fig.2 (b)), the intensity and distribution of main peaks is similar to that of HA, the other peaks correspond to the structure of Ca7Mg2P6O24 and (Ca,Mg)3(PO4)2 (JCPDS Card No. 20-0348 and 13-0404 respectively).

It can be seen from Fig. 1B, there are large number of nature peanutlike nanocrystals such as their shape and cave on the surface.
All the intensive and sharp diffraction peaks can be indexed to a pure tetragonal phase (space group:`C4b2) of crystalline β-Bi2O3 with the lattice constants a=1.094nm and c=0.564nm, which together with the intensity distribution are consistent with those of the standard card (JCPDS: 74-1374).

All diffraction peaks in each pattern can be indexed to the pure cubic phase of Cu2O corresponding to space group Pn3m, consistent with standard card (JCPDS File No. 05-0667).
The number of terminal copper atoms per unit surface area on the {111} facets of octahedron is higher than spheres with no facets [18].

The diffraction peaks of all the samples can be readily index to the tetragonal phase SnO2 and are in good agreement with the reported values (JCPDS card no. 41-1445).
From Fig. 2e, one can see that the discharge (reversible) capacities for S3 decrease rapidly with the increase of the cycle number, the capacity retention for S3 after 20 cycles is only 17.2%.

The reduction of graphene derivatives stands out as the primary strategy that can yield bulk amounts of graphene like sheets, but certain sorts of functional groups are difficult to remove by reduction, leaving a significant number of defects.
A small diffraction peak in composite containing 5vol. % GNSs is observed about at 2-Theta of 26.439º (d=3.3684Å for this peak), which should be the graphite phase according to JCPDS cards (No.23-0064).