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Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) Study of Concrete with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic ABDULLAHI Ali Omar1,a*, MUHAMAD Zameel Hakim Ahmed Sabri2,b and KHAIRUL Nizar Ismail3,c, 1,2&3Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
Acknowledgement The authors would like also to acknowledge Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology university Malaysia Perlis (Unimap) for their support and contribution.
In Materials Science Forum, vol. 514, p. 1753.
Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (2019)

X-ray structural analysis was performed on the Bruker D8 ADVANCE ECO diffractometer by the grazing beam method under normal conditions in radiation from a copper anode (λ = 1.5406Å) using a nickel Kβ filter.
Opila, Volatility of common protective oxides in high-temperature water vapor: current understanding and unanswered questions, In Materials Science Forum. 461 (2004) 765-774
Ul Hasan, The morphology of coating/substrate interface in hot-dip-aluminized steels, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 472(1-2) (2008) 157-165
Kulevich, Aluminizing of the Cr15Al5 alloy surface by hot-dipping in the melt, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 537(2) (2019) 022069
Kharlamov, The influence of the chemical composition of the Fe-Cr-Al system coatings on the oxide films phase composition, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 862(2) (2020) 022059

The cooling rates also afforded by high power lasers [9,10] in local areas are certainly in the bounds of the quench rates necessary for “amorphisation”, and hence surface engineering by high power laser provides the chosen tool for this investigation into the formation of amorphous surface layers.
The phases of all samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Bruker D8 Advance equipment using Co Kλ radiation (λ=0.1790 nm).
Solyom, A.Roosz: Glass forming ability of bulk amorphous materialsin Cu-Zr-Ag ternary alloy systems, Materials Science Forum Vol. 729 (2013) pp 373-378
Th.Hosson: Tribological and mechanical properties of high power laser surface-treated metallic glasses, Materials Science and Engineering A 471(2007) 155-164
Shabestari, et al.: Formation of bulk metallic glass in situ nanocomposite in (Cu50Zr43Al7)99Si1 alloy, Materials Science and Engineering A 553 (2012) 10–13.

Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 3AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, al.
Lodini, Materials Science & Engineering A, 341, 74-86 (2003) [10] S.Wroński, A.
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Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)-Mortar and its Potential Application to Restore the Strength and Serviceability of Patched Reinforced Concrete Slab STEFANUS Kristiawan1, a *, AGUS Supriyadi1, b, AGENG B Prakoso2, c and SITI Rahmi3, d 1SMARTCrete Research Group, Civil Engineering Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia 2PT Wika Tbk, Indonesia 3PT Wijaya Karya Rekayasa Konstruksi, Indonesia as.a.kristiawan@ft.uns.ac.id, bagussupriyadi@staff.uns.ac.id, cageng@wika.co.id, dsiiti.rahmi@gmail.com Keywords: UPR-mortar, Patch repair, Reinforced concrete, Slab, Strength, Serviceability Abstract.
Engineers could refer to a Code, for example ACI 318-11 [1], to satisfy the design requirements of strength and serviceability of the reinforced concrete elements.
When designing the reinforced concrete slab, engineers must add a safety factor to ensure that this element have a reserve strength to resist the uncertainty of the design loads.
Forum. 857 (2016) 426-430
Muktamirin, Effect of patching thickness on the flexural behaviour of patched reinforced concrete beam, Advances in Civil, Architectural, Structural and Constructional Engineering, edited by D.K.

With AM, it is also possible to use advanced materials such as SFRPs that enable more complex designs.
Samples were printed using a Delta Wasp 2040 3D printer manufactured by WASP (World's Advanced Saving Project), an Italian company.
Zeidler, Fused filament fabrication of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite: Effect of process parameters on flexural properties, Engineering Reports, (2023), 12807
Adam, Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME), (2020)
Ficzere, Finite Element Modeling of Additive Manufacturing in Case of Metal Parts, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 50(4), (2022), 330–335, doi: 10.3311/PPtr.19242

Temirbekov1,e, A Tukaziban1,f, Z Artyk1,g, C-S Shon1,h*, and D Zhang1,i 1Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Avenue, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000 adulat.ualiyev@nu.edu.kz, banel.galymzhankyzy@nu.edu.kz, cislambek.manap@nu.edu.kz, dzhaniya.omarova@nu.edu.kz, edoszhan.temirbekov@nu.edu.kz, faizhan.tukaziban@nu.edu.kz, gzhanbolat.artyk@nu.edu.kz, h, *chang.shon@nu.edu.kz, idichuan.zhang@nu.edu.kz Keywords: geopolymer mixture, recycled waste PET fibers, waste glass sand, twisted fiber, and non-twisted fiber Abstract.
[5] Andiç‐Çakır Ö, Üzüm O, Yüksel C and Sarıkanat M, “Waste glass aggregate for cementitious and polymer concrete,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1680/coma.15.00011
[6] Salim M U and Mosaberpanah M A, “The mechanism of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete/mortar and its mitigation by using geopolymer materials and mineral admixtures: a comprehensive review,” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 26, no. 14, pp. 6766–6806, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1080/19648189.2021.1960899
[9] Mohammed A A and Mohammed I I, “Effect of Fiber Parameters on the Strength Properties of Concrete Reinforced with PET Waste Fibers,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology-Transactions of Civil Engineering, 45, no. 3, pp. 1493–1509, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40996-021-00663-2
[11] Patil A A, Chore H S and Dodeb P A, “Effect of curing condition on strength of geopolymer concrete,” Advances in Concrete Construction, 2, no. 1, pp. 29–37, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.12989/acc.2014.2.1.029.

Ehsani a, C.C Sorrell b, A.J Ruys c a Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran 4817-75631, Iran; b School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of NSW, Australia; c Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, AMME J07, University of Sydney, NSW Australia.
Study of hydroxyapatite behaviour during sintering of 316L steel, Archives of Foundry Engineering Vol. 10, Special Issue 3/2010, 235-240. (16) K.
Advanced Engineering Materials, 6 (12) 918-24 (2003)
Hot Isostatic Pressing. pp.194-201 in Engineering Materials Handbook. 4 Ceramics and Glasses.
[40] D.W Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering.

Dizon1,2,* 1DR3AM Center, Bataan Peninsula State University, Balanga City, Bataan, Philippines 2100 2Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Bataan Peninsula State University, Balanga City, Bataan, Philippines 2100 jrcdizon@bpsu.edu.ph Keywords: 3D printing, spare parts, polymers, fused filament fabrication Abstract. 3D-printed polymer component parts and spare parts are now being widely used in various applications.
Maalihan, “On the progress of 3D‑printed hydrogels for tissue engineering,” MRS Commun., vol. 11, pp. 539–553, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-021-00069-1
Advincula, “Advances in 3D printing of thermoplastic polymer composites and nanocomposites,” Prog.
Forum, vol. 1005, pp. 150–156, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1005.150

During the last two decades, with the rapid development of modern nanotechnology the use of nanofluids is increasing as an advanced kind of liquid mixture.
Boundary layer theory has vital role in the diverse area of engineering and scientific applications.
Eltayeb, The role of a convective surface in models of the radiative heat transfer in nanofluids, Nuclear Engineering and Design. 275 (2014) 382-392
Ganji, Solution of the Falkner–Skan wedge flow by HPM–Pade’method,  Advances in Engineering Software 43.1 (2012) 44-52
Pop, Boundary layer flow past a wedge moving in nanofluid, Mathematical Problems in Engineering. (2013) http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/637285.