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Gao, et al.
Ma, et al.
Yan, et al.
Ye, et al.
El Mehtedi, F.

The relatively high strength of LAE442 is based on a high number of small Al-RE (RE = rare earth) -precipitates.
These Mg-Al-alloys offer a good balance between adequate corrosion resistance, good specific strength and good castability in particular excellent die castability [1].
Instead, lamellar Al-RE- precipitates are formed while binding Al.
The microstructure consists of elongated grains of the hexagonal Mg solid solution crystal and a high number of small Al-RE-precipitates.
Using the value E* evaluated for the strain independent direction y* lattice strains eL were calculated according to [12].

Tool Wear Performance of CVD-Insert during Machining of Ti-6%Al-4%V ELI at High Cutting Speed Gusri Akhyar Ibrahima , Che Hassan Che Haronb and Jaharah Abd.
It is clearly seen that a typical three-stages pattern of tool wear was obtained, while was similar with the pattern reported by Jawaid et al. [8] when machining titanium alloy with coated and uncoated carbide tools.
Che Haron et al. [6] reports that there was a strong bonding between the chip and tool material.
As stated by Gusri et al. [13] that the depth cut significantly contributed to the cutting time when machining titanium alloy at high cutting speed.
El-Maghribi: EMARC Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (2007)

El Fakira, S.
In the HFQ forming process, the blank is first heated to its solution heat treatment (SHT) temperature, so that solute atoms and precipitates dissolve into the primary α-Al matrix; the material is more ductile due to fewer dislocations and fewer obstacles to dislocation movement, and the yield stress is reduced [5].

Goldak et al. [13] (3-D), first introduced the three dimensional double ellipsoidal moving heat sources.
Nyguyen et al. [14] derived analytical solution for the transient temperature field of the semi infinite body subjected to 3-D power density of a dynamic heat source (such as semi-ellipsoidal and double ellipsoidal heat source).
Penetration (P) Calculation: From the law of conservation of energy we can write W×h+ (Fz, total) ×P + Q =Fdrag,total ×P +El (10) or P= Q +W×h-ElFdrag,total- Fz,total (11) Where, El = Es + Ewm + Ec Es =Energy required for deforming the spherical shape of droplet due to surface tension Ewm =Heat input in the portion of welded plates which is melted due to heat interaction between liquid droplets and welded plates Ec = Heat flow from liquid droplets in conductive and convective heat flow mode Calculation of values of Es , Ewm , mwm: Es = surface tension of liquid droplet (=1900 mN/m) × increase of surface area due to deformation of shape of droplet (increase of surface area of liquid droplet is 2.48 times its initial surface area[21] and, Ewm = Q – Ec = T0Tmmwmcp(s) dT +mwm∆q + TmTdmwmcp(l) dT (12) (Where mwm = mass of the portion of welded plated which is melted due to heat interaction between liquid droplets and welded plates and other values are same
Goldak et al. [13] implies equivalence between the source dimensions and those of the weld pool and suggested that appropriate values of a’, a”, b, c could be obtained by measurement of weld pool geometry as shown in Fig. 4B, where a’=3m'2, a”=3m"2, b=3n2, c=3o2 [31].
[16] Pillai,K.R, Ghosh,A., Chattopadhyaya,S., Sarkar,P.K.: Some Investigations of the Interaction of the Process Parameters of Submerged Arc Welding, Manufacturing Technology & Research, 3[1-2] (2007) [17] Gunaraj, G., Murugan, N., Prediction of Heat-Affected Zone Characteristics in Submerged Arc Welding of Structural Steel Pipes, Welding Research, January 2002, 94 [18] Wang, Y., Tsai, H.L., Impingement of Filler Droplets and Weld Pool Dynamics During Gas Metal Welding Process, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 44[11] (2001) 2067 [19] Carraugo et al.

There are many kinds of luminescence, such as electroluminescence (EL), cathode-ray luminescence (CL), photoluminescence (PL), chemiluminescence and scintillation.
For example, in the EL, the energy of applied electric field is converted to the luminescence via the transportation and recombination of electrons and holes.
Garnet materials which have a chemical formula of RE3(Al, Ga)5O12 are the most common transparent ceramic scintillator where RE denotes rare earth elements.
The first trial was done to develop transparent ceramic Y1.5Gd1.5Al5O12 [24], and some groups tried to substitute Al to Ga [25].
Fukuda, Growth of perovskite-type oxides (RE, Sr)(Al, Ta)O3 as substrates for GaN epitaxial growth (RE=La, Nd), J.

Maryudi et al. [4] investigated the impact of activated carbon size variations on methylene blue adsorption, considering concentration and contact time.
Mariana et al. [6] employed activated carbon derived from coconut fiber, modified with SiO2, to create adsorbents for ammonia and methylene blue adsorption.
Additionally, Mariana et al. [7] utilized activated carbon sourced from coconut shells and fly ash for methylene blue adsorption.
El Naeem, A.I.
El-Bardan, H.M.A.

Al Maani, Z.
El Amria, J.
El-Hassani, A.
Vargas, A.L.
El Krati, S.

Contact model proposed by Aerens el al. [8], using to represent wrap around the inside of the tool and the scallop angle due to stepover Effects of Process Parameters on Forming Forces.
Szekeres et al. [13] further identified the detailed features of the forming force in ISF using the developed tool with force sensors mounted.
Smith et al. [25] reported a simulation time of 24 days for a single point incremental forming process for a truncated cone shape.
Aerens et al. [8] studied the forces in incremental forming of truncated cones with different materials using experimental and statistical analyses.
It was reported that the forces were in good agreement with experimental results from Aerens et al. [8].

Raju et al. [19] studied stagnation-point flow of a ferrofluid over a stretching sheet.
Reddy et al. [21] analyzed Peristaltic flow of a hyperbolic tangent fluid in a porous medium.
Nadeem et al. [23] considered nano hyperbolic tangent fluid in a curved channel.
Hayatet al. [26] addressed three-dimensional rotating flow with carbon nanotubes Darcy –Forchheimer porous media.
Pr Ishak [16 ] El-Aziz [17 ] K.L.Krupa Lakshmi et.al. [2] Present Study 0.72 0.8086 0.80873 0.808630 0.8075 1.0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 3.0 1.9237 1.92368 1.92367 1.9146 10.0 3.7207 3.7207 3.72067 3.6516 100 12.2941 12.2941 12.294087 12.2936 Table 2 Skin friction coefficient and Local Nusselt number when .