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Table 1 summarizes the thermal properties of all used materials in the present work.
Table 1: Thermophysical properties of used materials.
X., Sampath Inernational Thermal Spray Conference (ITSC 98), Asm Inernational Materials Park, OH, USA, Nice (France), 1998
In Progress in Plasma Processing of Materials.
Materials Science and Engineering A262, (1999), pp. 25-32.

For non-conductive hard and brittle materials, the machine tool could perform ultrasonic machining and grinding machining combined ultrasonic vibration; for conductive hard and brittle materials, electrical discharge with or without ultrasonic vibration could be implemented.
Introduction Common mechanical equipments are difficult to process hard and brittle materials for the sake of its hardness and brittleness [1].
Ultrasonic machining could be employed to deal with these brittle materials, yet the working efficiency is quite low.
Acknowledgement The work described in this paper was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.02BS078).
Zhang and et al.: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.129 (2002), pp.45.

The materials consist of copper powder filled in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), binder and surfactant material.
Melt flow index information from different materials and material grades may be used for a rough comparison of flow characteristics for different materials.
ABS materials are an environmental friendly material because they are completely recyclable.
The material was burned inside the barrel screw for homogeneous mixing two types of materials.
Song, Development of new metal/polymer materials for Rapid Tooling using Fused Deposition Modeling, J.of Materials and Design, 25, 2004, 587-594

Raw materials were mixed and preheat for 30 minutes, melted for 10 minutes without annealing process.
Glasses with suitable characteristic such as high chemical stability, good host structure were usually selected to be doped with various types of materials.
By engineering glass materials with specific emission and absorption profile enables applications in laser technology and also as construction materials for green building [2].
Hussin, Advanced Materials Research 501 (2012) 51-55 [2] X.
Ardelean, Solid State Sciences, 9 (2007) 850-854 [5] P.M.

Richards, Evaluation of the low heat input process for weld repair of nickel-based superalloys, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol.20(7)(2011), 1294- 1303
Materials Characterization, 61(2010),569-574
Materials Science and Technology, Vol.29(4)(2013),426-438
Materials Science and Technology, Vol.25(1)(2009),68-75
Optimization of welding conditions and alloy composition for welding single-crystal nickel-based superalloys, Materials Science Forum.

Simulation and optimization of an actuator Norelislam El Hami1, a, Mhamed Itmi 2,b and Abdelkhalak EL HAMI2,c 1Ibn Toufail University, National School of Applied Sciences, ENSA Kenitra, Morocco. 2National Institute for Applied Sciences - Rouen BP. 08, University Avenue 76801, St Etienne du Rouvray Cedex, France anorelislam@outlook.com, bmhamed.itmi@insa-rouen.fr, cabdelkhalak.elhami@insa-rouen.fr Keywords: Structures, Global Optimization, PSO, SA, dynamic, hybrid, vibration.
The mechanical properties of the material: E= 1.23.1011 N/m2, r=8250 kg/m3 and n=0.3.
International Journal of Mathematical and Computer Modelling.
International Journal, IEEE, Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol 46, N°7, July 2001, pages1097-1101(2001)
International Journal Computers & Structures, Volume 48, N° 6, Septembre 1993, Pages 975-982(1993).

This program is originally developed to study the behavior of granular materials; however, it can be also used for modeling the behavior of brittle solids and fresh granular-paste materials.
Wüstholz: Materials and Structures 39 (2006), p.683 [7] H.
Koenders and K. van Breugel: Key Engineering Materials Journal Vols. 417- 418 (2010), p.449 [8] H.
Koenders and K. van Breugel: Key Engineering Materials Journal Vols. 452- 453 (2011), p.569 [9] EN-12350-5: Testing Fresh Concrete-Part 5: Flow Table Test (2009) [10] Itasca Consulting Group Inc: Theory and Background.
Koenders: Advanced Materials Research Vols. 295-297 (2011), p. 2171 [12] F.

Next, we discovered improvement in the process stability on intractable materials (e.g. iron group elements or noble metals; manganese in this paper) by using thin cap layer of titanium.
Process stability of the oxidation is depended on the materials.
In this paper, we investigated two issues relating transport of reactive species in the oxide for improving in process precision; how fast the oxide can grow in both directions of height and depth, and how the stability of the oxidizing process can be improved on the a unstable and intractable materials.
Next, the effect of a thin cap layer of valve metal (titanium) on an unstable material (manganese thin film) for stabilizing the process was investigated.
Nano-machining on steel materials will be useful for future nano-technology like micro/nano-robotics.

Maurya: Journal of Materials Research and Technology Vol. 6 (2017), p. 289
Pan: Construction and Building Materials Vol. 114 (2016), p. 737
Karaoglanli: Materials Today: Proceedings Vol. 11 (2019), p. 516
Vieira: Journal of Materials Research and Technology Vol. 7 (4) (2018), p. 612
Monteiro: Materials Science Forum Vols. 727-728 (2012), p. 959

Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, 2014, 23(4):1131-1137
Materials Science & Engineering A, 2004, s 387–389(1):604-608
Computational Materials Science, 2012, 62(11):227-234
Materials Science & Engineering A, 2011, 528(7):3049-3055
Materials Science & Engineering A, 2011, 528(3):1448-1454.