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Conclusion The use of materials with a low coefficient of linear expansion is justified from the standpoint of reducing shell mold stress-strain state, and to increase the shell mold crack resistance and provide for possibility of filling the mold with liquid metal without a backing filler, it is recommended to form the layer adjacent to the outer shell layer using materials with physical properties other than that of the materials of the rest shell mold layers.
Shtern, Stress-Strain State of Shell Molds Cast Using Wax Models, Institute of Machine Science and Metallurgy, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, 2005
Pankratova, Stress State and Deformability of Composite Shells in the Three-Dimensional Statement, Mechanics of Сomposite Materials 20 (1985) 468–474
Rogacheva, The Effect of Surface Stresses on the Stress-Strain State of Shells, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 80 (2016) 173–181
Sapchenko, Crack Forming in Ceramic Molds during Metal Pouring, Strain and Destruction of Materials 10 (2010) 25–28

Conventional metal material has smaller damping and less energy consumption,therefore constructional elements which are made of these material will radiate strong noise due to the vibration force.It will solve the problem if use high molecular material or the damping property of metal material,because damping materials can reduce much more noise than the general materials in the same forces.C.L.
Luo[14] invented a kind of metal plastic composite materials including 45# steel and nylon 66.Experiments showed that its amplitude and natural frequency dropped and damping ratio increased in the same order modal.In his book,M.
Zhang: Topology Optimization Design of Constrained Layer Damping Plate-Cavity System Considering Vibro-acoustic Coupling.Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis, (2011) No.5 (In Chinese) [8] Takaaki Hase, Nobuhiko Yamasaki and Tsutomu Ooishi: Numerical Simulation for Fan Broadband Noise Prediction.Journal of Thermal Science, Vol. 20 (2011) No.1, p.58 [9] Z.
Pang: Modal Testing and Analysis of Vibration Reduction Behavior of Metal-plastic Compound Materials.Noise and Vibration Control, (2010) No.2 (In Chinese) [15] M.
Qiu: Position optimization for secondary speaker and error sensor of duct active noise control system.Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), (2011) No.3 (In Chinese) [22] Q.Z.

Kny, Electrospun Materials for Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Applications Research, Design and Commercialization, Elsevier Science, San Diego, 2017
Hollister, Experimental and computational characterization of designed and fabricated 50:50 PLGA porous scaffolds for human trabecular bone applications, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 21 (8) (2010) 2371–2383
Kossovsky, Advances in materials science and implant orthopedic surgery, Springer Verlag, 2013
Shin, Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering fabricated from two different materials by the rapid prototyping technique: PCL versus PLGA, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 23 (11) (2012) 2671–2678
Seitz, Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering made by 3D printing, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 16 (12)(2005) 1121–1124

Materials Science and Engineering: A, 789, 139658
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 526(1-2), 113-117
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 733, 199-210
The Open Materials Science Journal, 5(1)
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 218, 38-47

Different kinds of researches reveal that the material intrinsic length is determined by many factors, including materials (e.g. metal, rock, concrete, and clay), material properties (e.g. shear modulus, yield strength, and hardness), material microstructure (e.g.
After natural drying and sieving (diameter<0.075) of clay collected from Tianhe District of Guangzhou the clay is used as matrix materials in this study.
The basic physical properties of materials are shown as Table 1
Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science (2012ZA04), Natural Science Foundation of China (51208211) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2012ZM0089).
Mechanics of Materials. 2012, 44: 189-211

Systems of governing differential equations ceramic metal Consider a beam made from functionally graded material, with initial length and rectangular cross-section of width and height , the FGM is composed with two materials, such as ceramic and metal.
Materials in top surface and in bottom surface of the beam are ceramic and metal, respectively as shown in Fig.1.
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 304 (2007), p. 969-973
Journal of Sound and Vibration, (1978) p. 459-460
Functionally Gradient Materials,34.p.3-10(1993)

Synthesis of Porous MoSi2 Material Fabricated by SHS (Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis) Process In-Hyuck Song a, Do-Wan Kim b, Jung-Yeul Yun c, Hai-Doo Kim d Department of Materials Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 66 Sangnam-dong, Changwon, 641-010, Korea a sih1654@kmail.kimm.re.kr, bbaecal@korea.com, c yjy1706@kmail.kimm.re.kr, dkhd1555@kmail.kimm.re.kr Keywords: SHS, MoSi2, Heating Element, Porous Materials Abstract.
By orienting the porous molybdenum disilicide-based material in the form of pore size gradient, porous materials used for filters with improved dirt-holding capacity can be manufactured.
The photograph of synthesized porous MoSi2 materials with variations in the composition and the preheating.
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Center for Advanced Materials Processing (21C Frontier R&D Program of Korea Ministry of Science and Technology) under Grant No.
Feng, " Combustion Synthesis of Advanced Materials: Part I.

Cumulative damage investigation of research status and problem analysis of RC structure ZHANG Pin-le Department of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China *Correspondence to: Zhang Pin-le, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, P.R.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 10572107).
Investigation of localization due to damage in elasto-plastic materials.
Mechanics of materials, 19(2): 129-135
Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 1988, 107(3): 83-89

Research on the Methods of Determination of Characteristic Strength of Brittle Rock materials in Compression Test Bin WANG 1, a, Jie-bing ZHU 1,b , Ai-qing WU 1,c 1 Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute，Wuhan, 430010，China acugwangbin@163.com, bzhujb@vip.163.com, cwuaiqing@vip.sina.com Keywords: Brittle rock; crack closure; crack initiation; crack damage strength; damage threshold Abstract: The failure of rock materials in compression test suffers three characteristic stages: crack initiation, crack damage threshold, and macro-failure.
The AE monitoring method and the lateral P-wave or the axial S-wave test is an effective indicative of identifying the damage threshold when subject an axial compression failure. 1 Introduction Due to the long-term effects of various external loading and environmental actions, Rock materials internally exist a variety of defects such as micro-cracks, cavities, joints and so on.
Acknowledgements This work was financially Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50909007), Public Welfare Industry Projects of Ministry of Water Resources(201001009)，Basic Foundation of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute(CKSF2012002/YT).
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 2004,41(2004):1221-1227 [4] Martin CD.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2004,41(5):833-847

Novikov, Synthesis of superhard materials, Journal of Materials Processing Technology.  161(1-2) (2005) 169-172 [2] A.
Diamond and related Materials, 7/6 (1998) 737-741 [6] F.X.
Materials. 5 (1996) 625-634 [9] L.F.
Diamond and Related Materials, 10 (2001) 770-774 [11] S.B.
Williams, Nanocrystalline diamond, Diamond and Related Materials, 20 (2011) 621-640 [19] F.X.