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The patterns all can be indexed as anatase titania（according to JCPDS card No. 21-1272）.
Furthermore, considering that the ionic radii of the doped metal ions (Cu 2+: 0.072 nm, Fe 3+: 0.064 nm, Pd 2+: 0.086 nm, V 5+ : 0.059 nm) are similar to that of Ti4+ (Ti 4+ : 0.068 nm) for a coordination number of 6, these doped metal ions can likely be incorporated into the TiO2 matrix by substituting for the Ti4+ lattice sites.

Hydrogen separation membrane technologies offer a number of advantages over current hydrogen separation technology: lower capital cost, small physical space requirements, fewer moving parts, higher hydrogen recovery rates, ability to produce hydrogen at a steady state, ability to produce high-purity hydrogen, potential for integration with hydrogen generation technologies so that hydrogen shift and purification or possibly reforming, shifting and purification are carried out in a single, simplified, compact membrane reactor system and improved thermal efficiency by eliminating the need to cool and reheat gases for gas clean-up and shift reactions [7].
Characteristic peaks for Pd(111) (40.118°), Pd(200) (46.658°), Pd(220) (68.119°) with their correct locations and relative intensities indicated a normal lattice for palladium membrane, and the values in JCPDS card (No.043-1024).

It can be seen that the XRD patterns of the NaYF4 nanocrystals match very well the standard face-centered cubic structure data (JCPDS card No. 77-2042).
It is well known that Iem ∝ IPn exists in upconversion processes, where n denotes the number of NIR photons absorbed to generate one frequency upconverted photon.

A number of processes have been reported on the fabrication of common one-, two-, and three-dimensional architectures.
All the diffraction peaks can be perfectly indexed to the cubic phase NH4Al(OH)2CO3 (JCPDS card No. 76-1923).

Fig. 1 XRD pattern of SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphor Compared XRD pattern of products with the number of standard sample JCPDS card No. 34-0379, Fig. 1 shows the results are very close and no other phase.

It was confirmed that the samples sintered at 400℃, 500℃, 600℃ were single phase with olivine structure indexed to orthorhombic Pmnb (JCPDS card number:33-0804), and no detectable second phase was found, indicating that doping a small amount of Co did not affect the structure of the crystal.

Introduction Nanotechnology is associated with the manipulation of matter at the nanometer scale, a scale as small as a billionth of a meter, 10-106 atoms, that is, the number of atoms or molecules linked with a mean radius of 1 to 100 nm [1].
Results and Discussion According to the X-ray diffraction shown in Fig. 1, it is observed the formation of the spinel phase of CoFe2O4 ferrite identified by JCPDS card 22-1086, indicating that synthesis was efficient for full training the CoFe2O4 phase.

It begins to generate secondary phase, matched with the theoretical data of mutual solution (FeO)0.497(MnO)0.503 on JCPDS card while annealing at 600oC.
By introducing a relatively small number of rare-earth ions, the lattice expands resulting from larger ion radius of Eu3+ than Fe3+.

All x-ray diffraction peaks were indexed by using standard (JCPDS) card #022-1086 and 074-6402.
As number of charges at grain boundaries decreases polarization also decreases.

It can be seen clearly that all samples have a dominating phase with the cubic anti-pervoskite Mn3CuN-type structure (space group, Pm3m, JCPDS Card, No.23-0220).
Because of the different number of Valenc electrons, substitution of Zn by Sn leads to a shift of the Fermi level [12-13] and perform NTE behavior.