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Online since: January 2016
Authors: Ralf Struzyna, Jens Steinmill, Andreas Menne
Since topics like the greenhouse effect and the associated global warming issue are much more discussed in the past, automobile manufacturers have to become even more active in in two fields: reduction of fuel consumption and reduction of emissions.
Introduction Automobile manufacturers focus instantly on CO2 emission reduction concepts to comply with federal emissions standards.
The data can be exported as Excel-file for further review and evaluation.
A heavy-duty diesel engine provided data for simulation.
Introduction Automobile manufacturers focus instantly on CO2 emission reduction concepts to comply with federal emissions standards.
The data can be exported as Excel-file for further review and evaluation.
A heavy-duty diesel engine provided data for simulation.
Online since: January 2011
Authors: Roumen H. Petrov, Leo A.I. Kestens, Vitaliy Bliznuk, Peter De Smet, Aleksandar Davidkov, Petar Ratchev, Bruno Schepers
The possibility of weight reduction of the cars in combination with the good formability and high in-service dent resistance of these alloys, make them a favorable material for body panel applications.
The hemming experiments are performed in laboratory conditions and the results are discussed together with the data obtained from crystallographic, microstructural and textural investigations.
Excessive amounts of Si are usually added to these alloys in order to improve their precipitation hardening during the paint-bake process, which enables further downgauging and weight reduction while maintaining sufficient dent-resistance [1].
EDX is employed to identify the local chemical compositions and EBSD scanning is carried out in order to obtain data of grain sizes, grain boundaries and crystallographic orientations.
The hemming experiments are performed in laboratory conditions and the results are discussed together with the data obtained from crystallographic, microstructural and textural investigations.
Excessive amounts of Si are usually added to these alloys in order to improve their precipitation hardening during the paint-bake process, which enables further downgauging and weight reduction while maintaining sufficient dent-resistance [1].
EDX is employed to identify the local chemical compositions and EBSD scanning is carried out in order to obtain data of grain sizes, grain boundaries and crystallographic orientations.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Hairudin Abdul Majid, Lili Ayu Wulandhari, Azzurah A. Samah, Ang Jun Chin
The objective data comprised of a complete historical data received from our case study.
The objective data were thoroughly processed to provide useful estimates.
Analyzing the Data At this stage, the focus is to analyze the data in order to establish the impact of usage and mileage and PM upon warranty claim rate.
Finally, the cost of PM is determined by using historical data.
Issues Related to Field Reliability and Warranty Data.
The objective data were thoroughly processed to provide useful estimates.
Analyzing the Data At this stage, the focus is to analyze the data in order to establish the impact of usage and mileage and PM upon warranty claim rate.
Finally, the cost of PM is determined by using historical data.
Issues Related to Field Reliability and Warranty Data.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Lan Lan Xie
At the same time, the economic development of Hebei Province is carried out investigation and analysis, the original data of Hebei Province economic development uses standard data method and normal distribution, to carry out standard processing.
each index factor is different, the system cannot use the original data to calculate, which need to standardized treatment.
In this paper, the original data of index system carries out processing, to use the method of standard data, the index value is according to the variance that is 1 for the development of low carbon economy in Hebei Province, Poisson normal distribution of expected value 0 carries out normalization.
, the processing data results are shown in table 3.
Developed carbon dioxide emission reduction of Chinese enlightenment and reference .
each index factor is different, the system cannot use the original data to calculate, which need to standardized treatment.
In this paper, the original data of index system carries out processing, to use the method of standard data, the index value is according to the variance that is 1 for the development of low carbon economy in Hebei Province, Poisson normal distribution of expected value 0 carries out normalization.
, the processing data results are shown in table 3.
Developed carbon dioxide emission reduction of Chinese enlightenment and reference .
Online since: November 2021
Authors: Sroisiri Thaweboon, Boonyanit Thaweboon
Approximately 30-50% Candida biofilm reduction was noticed in sealant resins containing vanillin compared with controls without vanillin.
In addition, microbiological data have recently revealed that fungal organisms, especially Candida albicans, also took an important part in the pathogenesis of ECC [3].
Biofilm formation of C. albicans on resin-based dental sealants C. albicans 0 Vanillin 0.5 (% w/v) 1.0 5.0 ATCC 10231 ATCC 18804 clinical isolate I clinical isolate II 0.810+0.008 0.781+0.015 0.862+0.002 0.821+0.015 0.547+0.003* 0.563+0.017* 0.516+0.041* 0.520+0.008* 0.489+0.024* 0.504+0.009* 0.473+0.010* 0.480+0.007* 0.413+0.015* 0.427+0.005* 0.420+0.011* 0.418+0.005* data expressed as mean optical density + SD * significant difference from 0% vanillin Fig 1.
Approximately 30-50% Candida biofilm reduction was noticed in sealant resins containing vanillin.
Approximately 30-50% Candida biofilm reduction was noticed in sealant resins containing vanillin compared to controls without vanillin.
In addition, microbiological data have recently revealed that fungal organisms, especially Candida albicans, also took an important part in the pathogenesis of ECC [3].
Biofilm formation of C. albicans on resin-based dental sealants C. albicans 0 Vanillin 0.5 (% w/v) 1.0 5.0 ATCC 10231 ATCC 18804 clinical isolate I clinical isolate II 0.810+0.008 0.781+0.015 0.862+0.002 0.821+0.015 0.547+0.003* 0.563+0.017* 0.516+0.041* 0.520+0.008* 0.489+0.024* 0.504+0.009* 0.473+0.010* 0.480+0.007* 0.413+0.015* 0.427+0.005* 0.420+0.011* 0.418+0.005* data expressed as mean optical density + SD * significant difference from 0% vanillin Fig 1.
Approximately 30-50% Candida biofilm reduction was noticed in sealant resins containing vanillin.
Approximately 30-50% Candida biofilm reduction was noticed in sealant resins containing vanillin compared to controls without vanillin.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Yun Long Ma, Xiao Hua Chen, Guo Feng Zhang, Bo Liu
Energy consumption data is the basis of building energy conservation.
Different calculation methods will lead to different data.
It establishes the decision tree based on the information included in historical data and forecasts the data based on the established rules.
Assume the sample set T includes m categories of data, then
Summary This paper puts forward the global modeling method of building energy consumption data.
Different calculation methods will lead to different data.
It establishes the decision tree based on the information included in historical data and forecasts the data based on the established rules.
Assume the sample set T includes m categories of data, then
Summary This paper puts forward the global modeling method of building energy consumption data.
Online since: January 2010
Authors: Francis Wagner, L. Zuo, W.P. Tong, W.Y. Chen, J.C. He
And the relation between partial texture of different grains assembly and
its mean grain size can be expressed by an empirical formula from experiment data.
1.
Subsequently, grain size distributions and partial textures of various size grains have been calculated from EBSD measurements for each annealing condition and an empirical formula which incorporates both grain size and partial texture is proposed according to experimental data. 2.
The initial steel plate was commercially hot rolled, and then cold rolled to 0.8 mm with a reduction of 80% at room temperature.
It can be seen that the empirical formula proposed above can fit the present experimental data.
At same annealing temperature for different annealing time, grain size distribution and partial texture is similar, and the partial ODFs can be expressed by an empirical formula from experimental data.
Subsequently, grain size distributions and partial textures of various size grains have been calculated from EBSD measurements for each annealing condition and an empirical formula which incorporates both grain size and partial texture is proposed according to experimental data. 2.
The initial steel plate was commercially hot rolled, and then cold rolled to 0.8 mm with a reduction of 80% at room temperature.
It can be seen that the empirical formula proposed above can fit the present experimental data.
At same annealing temperature for different annealing time, grain size distribution and partial texture is similar, and the partial ODFs can be expressed by an empirical formula from experimental data.
Online since: October 2023
Authors: Reylina Garcia Tayactac, Franz Josef A. Monsanto
Taking data sampled from full load net generation at 455 MW (net), an analysis was conducted to identify points of improvement in the unit’s air preheating system.
To address the air preheater performance issues, the air heater operation was carefully studied to establish benchmark parameters and baseline data.
A probe was inserted and took readings at each elevation of the data points.
The measurement of temperature at the correct locations in both the inlet and outlet channels can provide adequate data about how air preheaters work efficiently [9].
Table 3 Pre-outage data points compared to post outage data points Data Points Pre-Outage Post Outage 2.81% 3.01% 5.88% 4.10% 406.83°C 388.55°C 159.34°C 142.91°C 390.51°C 368.25°C 387.24°C 363.13°C Using these data points, we can calculate the for the post outage performance parameters to determine the overall performance improvement of the air preheater.
To address the air preheater performance issues, the air heater operation was carefully studied to establish benchmark parameters and baseline data.
A probe was inserted and took readings at each elevation of the data points.
The measurement of temperature at the correct locations in both the inlet and outlet channels can provide adequate data about how air preheaters work efficiently [9].
Table 3 Pre-outage data points compared to post outage data points Data Points Pre-Outage Post Outage 2.81% 3.01% 5.88% 4.10% 406.83°C 388.55°C 159.34°C 142.91°C 390.51°C 368.25°C 387.24°C 363.13°C Using these data points, we can calculate the for the post outage performance parameters to determine the overall performance improvement of the air preheater.
Online since: December 2009
Authors: Pei Xu, Xue Feng Wang, Yue Xia Hu, Shao Yi Wu
The calculated
spin Hamiltonian parameters are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
Thus, the spin-orbit coupling coefficients and the orbital reduction factors are calculated from Eq. 3 and the free-ion values d 0 (Mn 2+ ) 347 cm 1 [11] and p0 (S 2 ) 365 cm 1 [20].
Substituting these values into Eq. 1 and fitting the 2A 4A 4A 2A 4A 4A 2A 4A 4A 2A 4A theoretical D to the experimental result, one can obtain the impurity shift Table 1 Spin Hamiltonian parameters for the trigonal Mn 2+ center in CdS at 300K D (104 cm 1) g// g A// (104 cm 1) A (104 cm 1) Cal. a 85.2 2.0021 2.0009 64.5 66.0 Cal. b 9.5 2.0021 2.0021 64.5 65.8 Cal. c 8.4 2.0021 2.0021 64.5 65.8 Expt. [8] 8.2 2.0029 2.0029 65.3 65.3 a Calculations based on the host structural data (i.e., Z= 0 ) of Cd2+ site and inclusion of the ligand contributions.
Discussion It can be found from Table 1 that the calculated spin Hamiltonian parameters (Cal. c) based on the impurity axial shift Z and the ligand contributions are in better agreement with the experimental data than those based on omission of the impurity shift (Cal. a) or the ligand contributions (Cal. b).
From the present cluster approach calculations, the anisotropies (relative differences) '/ 1 and k'/ k1 are, respectively, 25% and 7% for the spin-orbit coupling coefficients and the orbital reduction factors.
Thus, the spin-orbit coupling coefficients and the orbital reduction factors are calculated from Eq. 3 and the free-ion values d 0 (Mn 2+ ) 347 cm 1 [11] and p0 (S 2 ) 365 cm 1 [20].
Substituting these values into Eq. 1 and fitting the 2A 4A 4A 2A 4A 4A 2A 4A 4A 2A 4A theoretical D to the experimental result, one can obtain the impurity shift Table 1 Spin Hamiltonian parameters for the trigonal Mn 2+ center in CdS at 300K D (104 cm 1) g// g A// (104 cm 1) A (104 cm 1) Cal. a 85.2 2.0021 2.0009 64.5 66.0 Cal. b 9.5 2.0021 2.0021 64.5 65.8 Cal. c 8.4 2.0021 2.0021 64.5 65.8 Expt. [8] 8.2 2.0029 2.0029 65.3 65.3 a Calculations based on the host structural data (i.e., Z= 0 ) of Cd2+ site and inclusion of the ligand contributions.
Discussion It can be found from Table 1 that the calculated spin Hamiltonian parameters (Cal. c) based on the impurity axial shift Z and the ligand contributions are in better agreement with the experimental data than those based on omission of the impurity shift (Cal. a) or the ligand contributions (Cal. b).
From the present cluster approach calculations, the anisotropies (relative differences) '/ 1 and k'/ k1 are, respectively, 25% and 7% for the spin-orbit coupling coefficients and the orbital reduction factors.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Andrei A. Vodyankin, Olga V. Vodyankina
According to the experimental data, TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts proved to be more active in comparison with TiO2/Al2O3 materials.
The degree of photoelectrochemical deposition of metals on the surface of photocatalytic materials was determined from the atomic-emission analysis data of the liquid phase (mother solutions) and solid phase (samples) using the ICAP 6300 DuO Thermo spectrometer.
According to the data presented in Fig. 3, polycrystalline TiO2 (sample 6) generates free charge carriers in the approximate ratio of 1:1 in the absence of electromagnetic field caused by the support, while synthesized materials deposited on the electron-acceptor supports show high selectivity towards generation of electronic vacancies.
For the series of TiO2/SiO2 samples the results of catalytic experiment are in a good correlation with the data presented in Fig. 3.
The activity decreases with the reduction of selectivity towards generation of electron vacancies.
The degree of photoelectrochemical deposition of metals on the surface of photocatalytic materials was determined from the atomic-emission analysis data of the liquid phase (mother solutions) and solid phase (samples) using the ICAP 6300 DuO Thermo spectrometer.
According to the data presented in Fig. 3, polycrystalline TiO2 (sample 6) generates free charge carriers in the approximate ratio of 1:1 in the absence of electromagnetic field caused by the support, while synthesized materials deposited on the electron-acceptor supports show high selectivity towards generation of electronic vacancies.
For the series of TiO2/SiO2 samples the results of catalytic experiment are in a good correlation with the data presented in Fig. 3.
The activity decreases with the reduction of selectivity towards generation of electron vacancies.