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Introduction Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic with the chemical composition Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is one of the most widely used as materials for bone grafting.
Materials and methods Synthesis of HA from Gypsum Waste Gypsum waste (Gw) was separated from impurities.
Laksono, J.Triyono, Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite powder from natural gypsum rock, Advanced Materials Research 893 (2014) 56-59
Rao, T.S Kannan, Synthesis and sintering of hidroxyapatite-zirconia composites, Material Science and Engineering C 20 (2002) 187-193
[8] German, R.M., Powder Metallurgy Science, 2th Edition, Metal Powder Industries Federation, New Jersey. 1994

Evaluation of Organic Thin Film Solar Cells Using 3-Diode Equivalent Circuit Model with Inverted Diode Yuya Sakurada1,a, Yasuyuki Ota1,b, Hiroki Watanabe2, Hideyuki Murata2,c and Kensuke Nishioka1,d 1Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 8892192, Miyazaki, Japan 2Graduate School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 9231292, Ishikawa, Japan ata10009@student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp (corresponding author), by-ota@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp, cmurata-h@jaist.ac.jp, dnishioka@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp Keywords: Organic solar cell, Equivalent circuit, 3-diode model with inverted diode, Heat treatment Abstract.
So far, the power conversion efficiency has steadily improved through the use of new materials and device structures.
However the electrical properties of bulk hetero junction organic solar cells depend on many factors such as the formation of interpenetrating network of p-type and n-type materials, and it is difficult to analyze the properties by the simple equivalent circuit model.
The cell consisted of PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythio phene):poly(styrenesulfonate)) as electrically conducting polymer molecule, P3HT(poly (3-hexylthiophene)) as p-type polymer molecule, PCBM([6,6]-phenyl -C61 butyric acid methyl ester) as n-type material of fullerene derivatives.
Charles: Microelectronics Journal, 39 (2008) 1173-1180

As well-known one of the use limits of solar energy cells were their costs so that it is the key to increase the use efficiency of sunlight and decrease the costs of materials of solar energy cell [5].
So there are many ways to improve the transmittance such as choosing suitable raw materials, designing correct porosity and fixing the thickness of film etc..
References [1] S.W.Glunz, New concepts for high-efficiency silicon solar cells, solar energy materials and solar cell, 2006, Vol.90(18-19):3276-3284 [2] G.
Diehl, V.Sittinger, B.Szyszka, Thin film solar cell technology in Germany, Surface and coatings technology, 2005,Vol.193(1):329-334 [5] Yang Deren, Solar cell materials, Chemical industry press, 2007 [6] XU Pichi, LU Zhongyuan, HE Fangfang, WANG Bing, Effect of heat treatment on optical thin film prepared with electrostatic self-assembly multilayer method, Journal of Sichuang university,2006, Vol.42(1):133-138 [7]Andreja Gajovi, Davor Gracin, Igor Djerdj, Nenad Tomaši, Krunoslav Jurai and Dang Sheng Su, Nanostructure of thin silicon films by ombining HRTEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy measurements and the implication to the optical properties，Applied surface science, 2006, Vol.25(28):278-2754 [8] Beomjin Yoo, Kyungkon Kim, Seung Hoon Lee, Won Mok Kim, Nam-Gyu Park, TO/ATO/TiO2 triple-layered transparent conducting substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells, Solar energy materials and solar cell, online (2008) [9] C.
Herrero, ITO/metal/ITO multilayer structures based on Ag and Cu metal films for high-performance transparent electrodes, Solar energy materials and solar cell, online(2008) [10] Yasuhiro Tachibana, Hitomi Y.

Construction and Building Materials 37, 851–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.019 [5] Khatib, J.
Metakaolin in: Waste and Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete.
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering 14(4), 533-544
Determination of pozzolanic activity of materials by thermal analysis.
Construction and Building Materials, 114, 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.188.

Table 1 Compositions of 2219 Aluminum alloy and ER2319 welding wire [wt%] Materials Cu Mn Mg Zn Ti Zr V Al 2219 6.28 0.30 <0.02 <0.10 0.048 0.12 0.07 Bal.
Chakraborty: International Materials Vol. 47 (2002), p. 3 [2] R.Wuhrer ,W.Y.
Gokhale: Scripta Materialia Vol. 50 (2004), p. 903 [4] Cheng Xu , Minoru Furukawa , Zenji Horita: Acta Materialia Vol. 51 (2003), p. 6139 [5] Youngdong Kwon, Zinyoung Lee: Materials Science and Engineering A Vol. 360 (2003), p. 372 [6] S.
Le: Welding Journal Vol. 64 (1985), p. 51 [7] M.G .Mousavi, J.M.
Gaumann: Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Vol. 2 (2001), p. 185

Introduction Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been widely used as one of the membrane materials, well-known for its excellent chemical resistance and thermal stability.
Domestic scientists have done a lot of researches about modification of PVDF membrane [13-16], which indicate that graft modification and blending of membrane materials are the main direction of future development of the hydrophilic membrane.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21006100), National Science and Technology Major Projects (2008ZX07422-003), Shandong Science and Technology Development Plan (2009GG10003024).
New Chemical Materials Vol. 36 (2008), p. 7 [15] G.
Journal of Tianjin Institute of Textile Science and Technology Vol. 23 (2004), p. 24

The issue of using nanostructured materials with the assistance of high technology instrumentations or machines for fabrication of nano-devices are also important.
It is a simple, versatile technique using a high power laser to evaporate target materials and to deposit thin films [5].
The relationship used is given in Eq. (1), (1) where a is the absorption coefficient of the material corresponding to a value of wavelength l, h is Planck's constant, A is the proportionality constant, n is the frequency of light, Eg is the band energy and x = ½ (for direct transition mode materials) [11].
Shalaev, Broadband Transformation Optics Devices, Materials. 3 (2010) 4793–4810
Robertson, Band offsets of wide-band-gap oxides and implications for future electronic devices, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B. 18 (2000) 1785–1791

Materials Cement.
Chemical composition and properties of materials.
Huang: New Building Materials Vol. 20 (2004), p. 13 [3] Y.F.
Yao, etc: Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 400-402 (2009), p. 415
Wang: Advanced Materials Research Vol. 33 (2008), p. 651 [5] See H T, Attiogbe E K and Miltenberger M A.: ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 100 (2003), p. 239

Xu, Seismic behaviors of steel plate shear wall structures with construction details and materials, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 107 (2015) 194–210
Journal of Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 7 (3) (2005) 115-135
Mazzolani, Experimental and numerical researches on aluminium alloy systems for structural applications in civil engineering fields, Key Engineering Materials 710 (2016) 256-261
Mazzolani, Numerical non-linear behaviour of Aluminium Perforated Shear Walls: A parametric study, Key Engineering Materials, 710 (2016) 250-255
Fajfar (eds.), Elsevier Applied Science, 95-104, 1992

Materials and methods Materials.
Shandong science, 2007,20: 54-57 In Chinese
Biological science experiments[M].
Journal of sichuan normal university, 2005 In Chinese
Journal of Thermal Biology, 2005, 30:524-531