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When such pipelines transport crude oil or other viscous materials during the cold weather, they must be heated to reduce the oil viscosity and transport resistance to improve efficiency.
Rigid polyurethane foam is a novel and effective heat insulation material.
GRA program provides a practical method for analysis of the impact factors of materials in electrical heat tracing, and it can be further developed by C# language to avoid complex mathematical operations, so it not only saves the manpower and material resources but also becomes convenient to users.
[2] Yin Zheng-kai, Wang Xuan-yin and Wu Jiang-ning: Journal of Zhejiang Shihua University, Vol. 30(2011), p. 40-42.
(in Chinese) [3] Liu Si-feng, Dang Yao-guo, Fang Zhi-geng, et al: The theory of grey system and its application, (Science Press, Beijing 2010).

The materials synthesis can be divided into the following several steps: material selection → regent purification → mixing material → grinding → compression moulding → sintering.
After 12 h, the materials are taken out and then put into agate mortar for grinding.
First, when temperature is close to melting temperature of material, in cases of skillfully mastering procedures of materials melting we should increase temperature as fast as possible to make all the materials melting in a relatively short period of time, in order to avoid appear in the process of climbing.
Mishing, in: Diffusion Processes in Advanced Technological Materials, edtied by D.
Clem: submitted to Journal of Materials Research (2003) [6] P.G.

Another experiment focused on fibre reinforced materials is by Ohno at al. [4].
References [1] Vogel, F., Holčapek, O., Konvalinka, P., Study of the Strength Development of the Cement Matrix for Textile Reinforced Concrete, Advanced Materials Research Vol. 1054 (2014) pp 99-103 [2] Barhum, R., Mechtcherine, V., Effect of short, dispersed glass and carbon fibres on the behavior of textile-reinforced concrete under tensile loading, Engineering Fracture Mechanics 92 (2012) 56-71 [3] Graybeal, B.A., Baby, F., Development of Direct Tension Test Method for Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, ACI Materials Journal/March-April 2013, pp. 177-186
[4] Ohno, M., Li, V.C., A feasibility study of strain hardening fiber reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer composites, Construction and Building Materials 57, 2014, pp. 163-168
[6] Bažant, Z.P., Size effect, International Journal of Solids and Structures 37 (2000) pp. 69-80, Elsevier Science Ltd
[9] Vogel, F., Holčapek, O., Jogl, M., Kolář, K., Konvalinka, P., Development of Mechanical Properties of Steel Fibers Reinforced High Strength Concrete, Advanced Materials Research 1077 (2014), pp. 113-117 [10] Hartig, J., Jesse, F., Schicktanz, K., Häußler-Combe, U., Influence of experimental setups on the apparent uniaxial tensile load-bearing capacity of Textile Reinforced Concrete specimens, Materials and Structures (2012) 45:433-446

Li Xiaoyuan et al.[31] obtained Al/TiO2/Fe2O3, Al/TiO2/Cr2O3, Al/TiO2/Bi2O3 etc. used in the stealth materials by liquid phase deposition.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by the “13115” science and technology innovation project in shaanxi province.
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According to Harlin et al. [17], Fig. 1 shows the performance space models of different materials.
Fig. 2 shows a sample developed in this project with functional products using traditional materials such as wool and polyamide from the Portuguese company FITECOM, developed under the TexBoost project.
GORE-TEX membrane is one of the pioneers applied to textile materials, making them functional with durability, breathable, waterproof, and windproof characteristics.
Journal of Sensory Studies, 2013. 28(6), 423–444.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

Liu et al. [11] investigated the use of additively manufactured continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CCFRPs) as self-sensing materials.
Demarbaix, “Comparative accuracy analysis of continuous fiber composite printers: Coextrusion vs. dual-nozzle technology,” in Materials Research Proceedings, Association of American Publishers, 2024, pp. 127–136. doi: 10.21741/9781644903131-14
Moonens, “Additively Manufactured Multifunctional Composite Parts with the Help of Coextrusion Continuous Carbon Fiber: Study of Feasibility to Print Self-Sensing without Doped Raw Material,” Journal of Composites Science, vol. 7, no. 9, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.3390/jcs7090355
Demarbaix, “Design of experiment on smart materials: tensile test on 3D printed composites reinforced with continuous carbon fiber and resistivity detection,” in Materials Research Proceedings, Association of American Publishers, 2025, pp. 49–58. doi: 10.21741/9781644903599-6
Faping, “Effect of carbon fibre on reinforcement of thermoplastics using FDM and RSM,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 352–374, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1177/0892705719886891.  

Herrera1,b 1Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines agdarejola@up.edu.ph, bmuherrera@up.edu.ph Keywords: SILAR, polyaniline, conductivity, polyethylene.
This produces a potential material to be used in erasable circuit boards and memory devices.
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Progress in Materials Science. 2021 Jan 1;115:100706.; [3].
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Plasticization of cellulose diacetate by Ionic liquid Na Liu1, a, Jingwen Zhang1,b and Huaping Wang1,c 1 State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.
Introduction In recent years, cellulose material has become one of the focuses as a replacement of petroleum-based material in the field of fibers and textiles due to the anxiety about exhaustible resources[1-3].
Purz, et al, Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions, Progress in Polymer Science. 2001 (26) 1473-1524
Zugenmaier, Conformation and packing of various crystalline cellulose fibers, Progress in Polymer Science. 2001 (26) 1341-1417
Bailer, Investigation of Binary and Ternary Systems of Ionic Liquids with Water and/or Supercritical CO2 by in Situ Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 2010 (6) 2111-2117.