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According to JCPDS card No. 00-005-0669, 00-021-1276, and No. 00-021-1272 respectively, ZnAl2O4, rutile and anatase phases exist in the sintered samples.
The calculated a of ZnAl2O4 (8.0848 Å) was in agreement with the reported value a=8.083–8.095 Å [12, 18, 19], theoretical value (8.05 Å), and JCPDS File Card No. 00-005-0669.
The increase in relative density may be caused by the decrease in the number of pores and able to increase the εr [16].

These materials can be indexed well as ordered olivine LiMnPO4 (JCPDS card number: 33-0803) with an orthorhombic Pnmb space group.

To identify the phases in the sample, the JCPDS standard cards #00-036-1451 and #01-072-2032 were used.
This occurs with the increase of doping element in the ZnO matrix, increasing also the number of absorption centers; thus, increasing light absorption capacity [4].

Introduction Europium-doped lutetium(Lu2O3:Eu3+) is a promising active medium for solid-state laser due to the excellent physicochemical properties, including high effective atomic number (Zeff=63), high value of bulk density (9.4 g/cm3), high stability under irradiation, thermal and chemical stability, transparency in a broad spectral range (0.23-8.5 μm), and peak light emission at 612 nm (red emission due to the Eu3+ activator)[1,2].
The XRD patterns (Fig.3) of all the samples sintered 400, 600 and 800℃ indicated that Lu2O3 crystalline phase was formed comparing to JCPDS cards (No.86-2475).

Except for the broad peak around 23°, all the other visible diffraction peaks in the pattern can be well indexed to the wurtzite ZnO (hexagonal crystal system, P63 mc space group, JCPDS card No. 36-1451).
These two wave numbers (nm) were identified by finding the point of inflexion between high transmittance and high absorption and can be termed absorption edges.

Recently, a large number of new whiskers have been investigated and developed by various synthesis methods, especially Ⅲ-Ⅲwhiskers [2], II-VI whiskers [3], boride whiskers [4], carbide whiskers [1], nitride whiskers [5], etc.
For the samples R0 and R1, similar XRD patterns are observed, and all the diffraction peaks can be indexed as standard patterns of two-dimensional hexagonal TiB2 (JCPDS Card No. 89-3923).

All the diffraction peaks can be indexed as a pure orthorhombic phase (space group Pmcn [62]) of SrCO3 with lattice constants a = 5.107 Å, b = 8.414 Å, and c = 6.029 Å (JCPDS card no. 05-0418), and no peaks due to any impurities were observed in synthesized crystals.
When the SDS/Tween20 concentration is enough high, a large number of SO32- groups congregate around Sr2+ ions, so increasing strong interaction of the surfactants with the crystals leads to the growth of crystals with no obvious directivity.

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectra were recorded on a Nicolet SXB-60 IR spectrometer as KBr pellets, the measuring wave number range is 1000-4000 cm -1.
The small peaks of MoO3/CMK-3-d at 12.9°, 23.1°, 25.8° and 27.4°, which can be assigned to (020), (110), (040) and (021) diffractions of α-MoO3 (JCPDS Card No. 05-0508), respectively.

It can be seen that the four samples were composed by tetragonal YVO4 crystalline phase (JCPDS Card 17-0341), and no other impurities were found in the result phosphors, indicating that combustion synthesis is an effective way to prepare single phase of YVO4 and doping with Bi3+, La3+ or Li+ had no significant influence on the phase compositions of the combustion products.
On the one hand, occupation of Y3+ sites by Li+ ions would naturally give rise to a substantial number of vacant sites in the oxygen ion array, and these oxygen vacancies might act as a sensitizer for the energy transfer to rare earth ion due to the strong mixing of charge transfer states [11].

The nanoparticles exhibit unique properties which differ from their bulk materials, owing to the quantum size effects and the large number of unsaturated surface atoms.
First diffraction peak is obtained due to presence of PVK and second, third and fourth peaks are corresponding to (1,1,1), (2,2,0) and (3,1,1) lattice planes of zinc blend cubic ZnS phase (JCPDS-80-0020).
The value of lattice constant ‘a’ and interplaner distance ‘d’ are matched with standard values from JCPDS data card (JCPDS-80-0020).
Brightness-Voltage curve of ZnS:Ag/PVK nanocomposites (for different loading) The EL brightness (B) is found to depend on the doping concentration and loading of ZnS because as we increase the doping and loading concentration, number of luminescent centres increase, which enhances the EL brightness.