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Under the mechanical boundary constrains, the local volumetric strain due to diffusion results in stress build-up within the structure.
"Deformation of Microelectronics Solder Joints Under Current Stressing and Numerical Simulation I" International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 41, 4959-4973, 2004. 6- Ye, H., Basaran, C., and Hopkins, D.
V., "Modeling electromigration-induced stress evolution in confined metal lines," J.Appl.Phys., vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 900-904, 1995. 15- Lodding, A., "Current induced motion of lattice defects in indium metal," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 143-151, 1965. 16- Kuz'menko, P.
B., "Electromigration in tin single crystals," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 395-399, 1975. 18- Sorbello, R.
S., "Pseudopotential based theory of the driving forces for electromigration in metals," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 937-950,

Introduction Selective protection and deprotection of carbonyl groups are essential steps in modern organic chemistry.
SiO2 has been reported to be as an efficient support because it exhibits higher surface area, peculiar pore structure and well disperses HPAs while retaining the structure.
As shown in Fig.1, pure H4SiW12O40 gave peaks due to the keggin structure at 982 cm-1 v(W=O), 925 cm-1 v(Si-O), and 780 cm-1 v(W-O-W).
The characteristic vibration adsorption peaks between 700 and 1100 cm-1 for Keggin structure of H4SiW12O40 is still retained and it is similar to that of the fresh catalysts (Fig.1. b).
Handbook of Practice Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1981

Typically, aqueous based chemistries are used for cleaning since they present a lower environmental impact and cost of ownership.
Indeed surface structures are known to enhance the hydrophobic character of surfaces with a contact angle θ > 90˚, ultimately leading to a superhydrophobic behavior with no wetting of the open space in-between the structures [1].
In this work we evaluated the use of a CO2 gas atmosphere to force the wetting of superhydrophobic structures, without the use of surfactants.
Structures consisted of nanopillars that were rendered superhydrophobic by SAM-grafting.
gas at the end of a test (step 3) indicated that no complete wetting of the structures had been obtained (Figure 4).

Independentei, RO-060042, Bucharest, Romania avalentinuta2005@yahoo.ca, briposan@foundry.pub.ro *corresponding author Keywords: Ductile Iron, Rare earth, Magnesium, Inoculation, Structure, Graphite, Carbides Abstract.
The improved strength and ductility is a result of a spheroidizing Mg treatment of a base iron, which requires a critical residual Mg content (0.03-0.06%Mgres), usually accompanied by rare earth elements (REE), depending on the charge materials, base iron chemistry, castings characteristics, and the required structure and properties.
The structure variation along the centerline from the apex to the base of the wedge sample was evaluated at three points (centre and 1.0 mm distance left-right), for each incremental distance from the apex; the averages of these structure parameters were employed.
Results and discussion For the same base chemistry (wt-%: 3.3-3.5C, 2.4-2.6Si, 0.61-0.62Mn, 0.015-0.016S, 4.2-4.4CE, plus residuals), the two experimental heats (A, B) are differentiated by the level of the REE present in the Mg-treatment alloys (Table 1).
In heat A, un-inoculated ductile iron continues to display a mottled iron structure pattern, compared to a transition from mottled to no-carbides (“grey”) structure pattern for Heat B at more than 10mm section size, where ferrite also formed around the graphite nodule(s) “bull eyes”.

The crystal structure,morphology,photoluminescence properties and concentration quenching of these phosphors were systematically investigated.
The phase structure of the product was characterized by XD-2 X-ray powder diffraction (CuKα, 36 KV, 20 mA).
All above demonstrated that the Eu3+ ions had entered into the lattice of BiPO4 and the structure of the samples is dependent on the doping concentration.
Zhu, Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol.21(2011), p. 4235
Dutta, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol.198 (2013), p.93

Synthesis and bioactivity of poly N-phenylene-N’-aroylthiourea Wang Wei Hong1,a, Zhong Hong1,b, Guo Dan Feng and Liu Guang Yi1,c 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China awwh_65@yahoo.com.cn, bzhongh@mail.csu.edu.cn, cguangyi.liu@163.com Keywords: polymer, aroylthiourea, biological activity, synthesis Abstract.
Their structures were characterized by IR spectra and 1HNMR.
Results and Discussion Structure of Compounds 2a-c.
In terms of infrared spectrum of compounds 2a-c, all of them contain the structure unit of thiourea group.
Hydrometallurgy Vol. 80(2005), P. 98 [4] S Wang, H Zhong and A P Wang: Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry Vol. 24-8(2007), P. 291 [5] S Wang, H Zhong and G Y Liu: Journal of Central South University Vol. 15(2008), P. 463 [6] Y J Li, Z G Zhang and K Jin: Acta Chimica Sinica Vol. 65-9(2007),P. 834 (in Chinese) [7] W H Wang, H Zhong and W L Zhang: Journal of Central South University Vol. 40-1(2009), P. 67 [8] X G Dong, L Yan and X J Song: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica Vol. 42-1(2007), P. 108 (in Chinese) [9] L Doub, L M Richardson and D R Herbst: J Am Chem Soc Vol. 80(1958), P. 2205 [10] D W Fu, J R Song and Y H Ren: Huaxue Tongbao Vol. 12 (2007), P. 942 (in Chinese) [11] P A Yonova and G M Stoilkova: J.

The composition, structure and magnetism of the samples are tested by XRD, TEM and VSM, respectively.
Fig.2 (b) shows that TiO2/NiFe2O4 has a core-shell structure with the transparent TiO2 shell and the black NiFe2O4 core.
Conclusions TiO2/NiFe2O4 composite photocatalyst with core-shell structure was successfully prepared by sol-gel method.
Photobiol., A: Chemistry Vol.148 (2002), p. 153 [5] S.
Photobiol., A: Chemistry Vol.148 (2002), p. 303 [9] Yuan Gao, Baohua Chen, Hulin Li and Yongxiang Ma: Mater.

Characterization and Efficiency of ZnAl2O4 Spinel Synthesized by Combustion Reaction on the Esterification and Transesterification of Soybean Oil Alex Cavalcanti Feitosa1,a, Elvia Leal1,b, Daniela Costa Barbosa2c, Simoni Margareti Plentz Meneghetti2,d, Ruth Herta Goldsmith Aliaga Kiminami3,e, Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa1,f, 1Department of Materials Engineering, University Federal of Campina Grande, Avenue Aprígio Veloso - 882, Bodocongó, 58109-970, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. 2Department of Materials Engineering, University, Federal of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. 3Department of Chemistry, University Federal of Alagoas, Maceió – AL, Brasil aalexcaval2@hotmail.com, belvialeal@gmail.com, cdanielacostaufal@hotmail.com, dsmpm@qui.ufal.br, eruth@power.ufscar.br, fanacristina@dema.ufcg.edu.br Keywords: zinc aluminate, combustion reaction, soybean oil, biodiesel.
In order to investigate the influence of the heating source on the structure, morphology, and on the catalytic activity, the samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, granulometric analysis, TGA, carbon content, TEM, and gas chromatography.
To the samples obtained by microwave energy (FMi) and by the plate with electric resistance (RE), it was observed the monophasic formation of a cubic crystal structure of ZnAl2O4 spinel (JCPDS 05-0669) under the guanine mineral form.
According to Preudhomme and Tarte [22] cited by Staszak et al. [23], these bands are characteristic of the structure of zinc aluminate spinel (ZnAl2O4).
Azadmanjiri: Materials Chemistry and Physics Vol. 109 (2008), p. 109

All diffraction peaks were indexed to the monoclinic structure with space group P21/c in agreement with the respective Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) No. 18190 [13].
The broadening of these peaks implies that the obtained samples are composed by nanoscale structures.
The active Raman modes at 182, 330, 380, 478, 548 and 611 cm-1, these bands are related to monoclinic structure.
Yashima also suggested that the differences in oxygen deficiency between tetragonal and monoclinic phases are critical to stabilize each structure.
Photoluminescence (PL) technique is suitable to determine the crystalline quality and presence of impurities in the materials, as well as exciton ine structure.

Nefedova, Mechanical properties of energy-absorbing structures with triply periodic minimal surface topology, Acta Astronautica 150 (2018), 81-84
Nefedova, Mechanical properties of energy-absorbing structures with triply periodic minimal surface topology, Acta Astronautica 150 (2018) 81-84
Lebedev, Ceramic Materials with the Topology of Triple Periodic Minimal Surfaces for Constructions Functioning Under Conditions of Extreme Loads, Glass Physics and Chemistry 43(6) (2017) 582-584
Glezer, Polymer Structures with the Topology of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces, Glass Physics and Chemistry 43(6) (2017) 585–587
Parshin, Structure, strength and radiation damageability of corrosion-resistant steels and alloys, Metallurgy, Chelyabinsk department, 1988. 656 p.