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Gapsari1,d 1Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, MT Haryono167 Malang, Indonesia 65145 2Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bengkulu University, WR Supratman Bengkulu, Indonesia 38371 azuliantoni@unib.ac.id; bwahyos@ub.ac.id; cputu_hadi@ub.ac.id, dmemi_kencrut@ub.ac.id *corresponding author Keywords: hydroxyapatite, AMC Al-Zn, powder metallurgy, corrosion rate, hardness Abstract.
This study aimed to increase the corrosion resistance of AMC Al-Zn by adding hydroxyapatite ceramic reinforcement from snail shells in a corrosive medium of 3.5% NaCl solution.
Rao, “Effect of grit size on two body abrasive wear of Al 6082 hybrid composites produced by stir casting method,” Tribology International, vol. 102, pp. 52–60, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.05.015
Chai, “Microstructure , mechanical property , bio-corrosion and cytotoxicity evaluations of Mg / HA composites,” Materials Science & Engineering C, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 827–832, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.03.016
Gapsari, “Extraction and characterization of snail shell waste hydroxyapatite,” Results in Engineering, vol. 14, no.

The sand was purchased locally within Ota, Ogun state and delivered to the Civil Engineering Laboratory.
Bhavesh, and S.K Duggal, Study of waste plastic mix concrete with plasticizer International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Civ Eng. (2012), 1–5
Opara and C.U Anya, mechanical properties of palm kernel shell concrete in comparison with periwinkle shell concrete Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 29(2017) 1-14 [31] R.K.
Jackson, Civil Engineering Materials 5th ed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 3(2017) 713–721 [40] S.O Odeyemi, O.O Otunola, A.O Adeyemi, W.O Oyeniyan, and M.Y Olawuyi, Compressive strength of manual and machine compacted sandcrete hollow blocks produced from brands of Nigerian cement American Journal of Civil Eng. 3(2015) 2-3

Fig.1 Basic fundamental elements of an image processing system [10, 11] Fig.2 Scheme of the defect inspection system [5] Surface Roughness: The measurement of engineering surface roughness is very much important particularly in the case of mechanical surfaces.
Ramamoorthy, Evaluation of Surface Roughness Using a Image Processing and Machine Vision System, Journal Metrology Society of India, Vol.21, No.1, 2006, pp, 9-15 [2] Kah W.
Van der Voort Maarschalk, Quantitative Image Analysis for Evaluating the Coating Thickness and Pore Distribution in Coated Small Particles, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, April 2009, pp, 965-976 [5] Shinichiro Inoue, Masami Konishi and Jun Imai , Surface Defect Inspection of a Cutting Tool by Image Processing with Neural Networks, Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Vol. 43, January 2009, pp. 55-60 [6] Enrique Alegrea, Rocío Alaiz-Rodrígueza, Joaquín Barreirob and Jonatan Ruiza, Use of contour signatures and classification methods to optimize the tool life in metal machining, Estonian Journal of Engineering, 2009, Vol.15, No.1, pp, 3–12 [7] Yu-Teng Liang, Yih-Chih Chiou, An Effective Drilling Wear Measurement based on Visual Inspection Technique, Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Information Sciences, 2006  [8] D.
Oni, Development and Application of a Machine Vision System for Measurement of Tool Wear, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, June 2009, ISSN 1819-6608, pp, 42-49 [9] Woong-Ki Kim, Young-Woo Lee, and Sung-Woong Ra, Simulation of the Digital Image Processing Algorithm for the Coating Thickness Automatic Measurement of the TRISO-coated Fuel Particle, International Journal of Information Processing Systems Vol.1, No.1, 2005, pp, 36-40 [10] John C Russ, The Image Processing handbook, Sixth edition, CRC Press, ISBN-13: 978-1- 4398-4063-4 [11] Rafael C.
Mobarak Hossain, Automatic Defect Detection and Classification Technique From Image: A Special Case Using Ceramic Tiles, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2009 [13] Nello Zuech, Understanding and applying machine vision, 2nd ed., (Manufacturing Engineering and materials processing) Rev. ed. of: Applying machine vision, c1988.

Journal of American Ceramic Research Society 55 (10) (1972) 534-535
Tran, Correlation between Bulk and Surface Resistivity of Concrete, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 9 (1) (2014) [14] P.
International Journal of Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 8(1) (2014) 103-106
Jasniok, Influence of rapid changes of moisture content in concrete and temperature on corrosion rate of reinforcing steel, Procedia Engineering, 108, (2016) 316-323
Konečný, Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks with Respect to Ingress of Chlorides, Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, (2007)

Bartos, Review paper: Bond in fiber reinforced cements and concretes, The International Journal of Cement Composites, 3 (1981) 159-177
No. 83/23, Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
TR-2013-SHR, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, California. 1994
Mohamed Ali, Local and global bond characteristics of steel reinforcing bars, Engineering Structures, 30 (2008) 376-383
Parthasarathy, Theoretical analysis of the fiber pull-out and push-out tests, Journal American Ceramic Society, 74 (1991) 1585-1596

The Role of Surface Area of ZnO Nanoparticles as an Agent for some Chemical Reactions Mohamad Sahban Alnarabiji 1,a, NoorhanaYahya2,b*, Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid4,c, KhairunAzizi 1,d, Muhammad Kashif3,e, Saima Qureshi2,f, Bilal Alqasem2,g 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 2Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak DarulRidzuan, Malaysia 4Combinatorial Technology and Catalysis Research Center (COMBICAT), Universiti Malaya 50603Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia aneeroo-n@hotmail.com,*bnoorhana_yahya@petronas.com.my,csharifahbee@um.edu.my, dkhairun_azizli@petronas.com.my, ekashifmughal79@gmail.com, fsaima_qureshi_25@yahoo.com, gBilalalqasem@yahoo.com Keywords: zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), microwave, surface area, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Abstract.
Xue, Solution growth of nano-to microscopic ZnO on Zn, Journal of Crystal Growth. 310 (2008) 1836-1840
Petra Schuchmann, Controlled droplet coalescence in miniemulsions to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles by precipitation, Chemical Engineering Science. 92 (2013) 126-133
Hamid, Sol–gel synthesis, characterization, and neurotoxicity effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles using gum tragacanth, Ceramics International. (2013)
Vanmaekelbergh, Spontaneous assembly of a monolayer of charged gold nanocrystals at the water/oil interface, Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (2004) 458-462

Bender Element Sensors Since Shirley and Hampton [6] initially applied a bender element to soil testing, bender elements have been widely used to characterize various soils using shear wave techniques in the geotechnical engineering field.
The piezoelectric materials used in them, such as quartz or ceramics, expand or shrink depending on their tpye when an electrical current is applied.
Hampton: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 63, No. 2 (1978), p. 607
Santamarina: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 131, No. 9 (2005), p. 1063
Das: Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (International Thomson Publishing, Boston 1998).

Yadava, Laser beam machining--A review, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture. 48 (2000) 609-628
Perez-Amor, Comparative study of the influence of the gas injection system on the Nd:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser cutting of advanced oxide ceramics, Review of Scientific Instruments. 74 (2003) 4199-4205
Perez-Amor, Optimization of an off-axis nozzle for assist gas injection in laser fusion cutting, Optics and Laser in Engineering. 44 (2006) 1158-1171
Noor, Optimization of laser deep-hole drilling of inconel 718 using the taguchi method, Journal of Material Processing Technology. 37 (1993) 741-757
Tay, High quality femtosecond laser cutting of alumina substrates, Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 48 (2010) 657-663.

Effect of Ventilation in Protected Escape Ways upon the Thermal Properties of these Spaces Marie Rusinová1, a *, Markéta Sedláková1, b and Miloš Kalousek1, c 1Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Veveří 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic arusinova.m@fce.vutbr.cz, bsedlakova.m@fce.vutbr.cz, ckalousek.m@fce.vutbr.cz Keywords: Aeration, Protected Escape Way, Positive-Pressure Ventilation, Thermal Characteristics.
As regards civil engineering structures, this concerns in particular suitable building technology helping to avoid the occurrence of fire, and further to protect persons in the building, if the fire has already broken out.
Self-hole is formed in the wall (façade) Figure 6, which walled pieces of construction material, in this case ceramic perforated brick 300 mm and abnormal external insulation 280 mm.
Korniejenko, Material Solutions for Passive Fire Protection of Buildings and Structures and Their Performances Testing, Procedia Engineering 151 (2016) pp. 284-291
[18] ISO 10211: Thermal Bridges in Building Construction – Heat Flows and Surface Temperatures – Detailed Calculations, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2007

Influence of Different Compositions (1-x)ZnFe2O4 – xSiO2 Nanostructures Thin Film Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method MOHD Syafiq Zulfakar1,a, HUDA Abdullah1, b *, WAN Nasarudin Wan Jalal1,c, ZALITA Zainuddin2,d, SAHBUDIN Shaari3,e 1Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Valenzuela, Novel Applications of Ferrites, Physics Research International. 2012 (2012) 1-9
Ohsato, Effects of TiO2 on Sinterability and Dielectric Properties of High-Q Forsterite Ceramics, J.
Pileni, Nonstoichiometric Zinc Ferrite Nanocrystals:  Syntheses and Unusual Magnetic Properties, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 104 (2000) 905-912
Shangguah, Influence of Zinc Ferrite Doping on the Optical Properties and Phase Transformation of Titania Powders Prepared by Sol–Gel Method, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 386 (2004) 43-47.