Search results

Aspects Regarding the Hybrid Models in Engineering Emil Oanta1, a, Cornel Panait1,b 1Constanta Maritime University, 104 Mircea cel Batran, 900663, Constanta, Romania aeoanta@yahoo.com, bcornel.panait@gaad.ro Keywords: analytic, numeric and experimental models; case studies; data integration; hybrid models.
The paper presents several research projects in engineering, the project dedicated to the strains and stresses in the cylinder block is the most complex one and it required several studies of different types, together with original software employed to integrate the data.
Thus, there must be identified all the sources of experimental data, using various experimental techniques, even the redundant information being useful for cross-checking purposes.
The only method to approach the problem is to create a hybrid model which offers a wide range of types of information together with a large amount of data in order to asses in a fair accurate way the state of strains and stresses.
There were carried out the following numerical studies: · Original method to compute the linear expansion coefficient of the material employed to manufacture the cylinder block, using the experimental data (original computer code); · Original method to compute the temperature in the measurement point, using the experimental data and the value of the linear expansion coefficient previously computed (original computer code); · Finite element model of the cylinder block calibrated with experimental data, the accuracy of the results being verified by the use of the experimental data.

The obtained data were then interpreted on the basis of both experimental [2-6] and theoretical [7] PA studies.
The obtained PA data interpretation was therefore not influenced by the knowledge about the sample history.
Positrons are trapped effectively in vacancies due to reduction of Coulomb repulsion arising from the lack of the nucleus at that site.
Processing of the obtained spectra was done through the LT programme [10], by fitting to the data a sum of several exponential components convoluted with the instrumental resolution curve; the fitting variance was better than 1.05.
During annealing of samples B and C, we observed an increase of large empty volume sizes, along with a simultaneous reduction of their number.

Optical photographs of (a) the ECAPed AZ31 rod after 6 passes at 493Kand (b) the DSRed AZ31 sheet in thickness reduction by 70% at 423K.
This increase of basal fiber texture component compared to the sample 2 should be related to a higher rolling reduction of 70% and lower rolling temperature of 423K.
[sample 4] In Fig. 4, the 0.2% proof stress is plotted against d-1/2, where d is the grain size, for the asextruded [5], symmetrically rolled [6], ECAPed [5] and DSRed AZ31 alloys along with the data for as-extruded AZ61 alloys [1].
As seen in Fig. 4, the DSR and ECAP data are well below that for the groups 1.
The 0.2% proof stress is plotted against d-1/2 for the as-extruded [5], symmetrically rolled [6], ECAPed [5] and DSRed AZ31 alloys along with the data for as-extruded AZ61 alloys [1].

In sustainable production, reduction of energy consumption is an important factor in addressing the issue of energy [2,3].
This can be done by reducing power demand, which leads to the reduction of energy consumption for machining a particular part.
A case study is given, taken from our previous work [8], where the data of MRR and cutting force are both available.
For the other approach, this Eq. 3 can be modified using cutting force data.
From the available data, both approaches for calculating power demand were proven applicable for the particular turning process.

The Kyoto protocol calls for a reduction in global SF6 use, and thus the magnesium industry is seeking a replacement for SF6.
On SF6 and the environment: Emission Reduction Strategies (2002) [4] J.
On SF6 and the environment: Emission Reduction Strategies (2002) [5] Material Safety Data Sheet: Sulfur dioxide (Air Liquide S.
Vol.475-479 (2005), p. 2543 [7] Material Safety Data Sheet: HFC-134a (Hanimex Pty Limited, Australia 2002) [8] Material Safety Data Sheet: HFE7100 (3M, USA 2004) [9] Material Safety Data Sheet: 3M TM NovecTM 612 Magnesium Protection Fluid (3M, USA 2005) [10] N.

. % leads to a reduction in the metal content in the particles and to the formation of metals oxide.
According to the X-ray data a powder produced by electrical explosion of titanium wires in argon at e/es = 1.2, contains α-Ti and a small amount of β-Ti.
According to the X-ray data, the main product of Cu-EEW in the gas mixture Аr+0.5 % air is metallic copper, copper oxide Cu2O (< 20 wt.%) and a little of CuO.
The increase of the air content in gases mixture during EEW leads to a reduction in the metal content and to the change of the phase composition.
The oxygen addition of 10–30 vol. % at Al-EEW leads to a reduction in the metal content in the particles and to the formation of metal oxide.

A significant reduction of the interface states density (from ~1.8´1012 to ~5.7´1011 cm-2eV-1) and, correspondingly, an increase in the carrier mobility (from ~19 to ~108 cm2V-1s-1) was found moving from N2O to POCl3 annealing.
In fact, while the annealing in N2O causes a ~20% increase of the resistivity with respect to the protected area (from 170±2 to 205±3 mΩ´cm), a significant reduction of the resistivity by a factor of ~3.2 (i.e. from 171±2 to 54±1 mΩ´cm) is observed after the thermal treatment in POCl3 ambient.
On the other hand, the significant resistance reduction after PDA in POCl3 indicates a much more efficient donor incorporation due to substitutional P, causing an overcompensation of the p+-type doped material.
Fig.4(a) shows a schematic representation of the 4H-SiC samples cross sectioned for SCM measurements, while Fig.4(b) and (c) show the electrically active dopant concentration profiles obtained by SCM data calibration (using the epitaxy and the substrate concentrations as references) on the samples processed in N2O and in POCl3, respectively.
A reduction of the interface states density (from ~1.8´1012 to ~5.7´1011 cm-2eV-1) and, correspondingly, an increase in the carrier mobility (from ~19 to ~108 cm2V-1s-1) was found moving from N2O to POCl3 annealing.

Data Overview The target area is Gifu City in Japan, a typical middle-sized city with a population of 402,185 (Table 1).
Based on these data, it appears that suburbanization in Gifu City began in 1965.
This figure illustrates the changes in commercial zones using the 1982 and 1968 data.
Fig. 9 illustrates the changes in commercial zones using the 1994/1982 data and shows a change in the number of stores.
Acknowledgements We gratefully thanks for data providing from Comprehensive Urban Transportation Planning Council Chukyo metropolitan Area and Gifu City.

Very high gravity ethanol fermentation technology exhibited promising industrial application for advantages including productivity improvement, polluted water output reduction and energy consumption saving.
Datas analysis indicated that the osmotic pressure was controlled strictly exhibited by high growth rate of yeast and high rate of ethanol formation comparing with other dosages, and 119.78 g/kg (15.07 %, v/v) ethanol equivalent to 90.16 % of theoretical yield was achieved in 64 hours.
Therefore, very high gravity (VHG) ethanol fermentation technology exhibited promising industrial applications for advantages including productivity improvement, polluted water output reduction and energy consumption saving, particularly for the downstream processes like distillation because of high ethanol concentration in the mash to be distilled and the waste distillage treatment by the energy-intensive multistage evaporation process as less waste distillage to be treated [5, 6, 7, 8].
Table 1 Fermentation parameters of five glucoamylase dosages adding Glucoamylase dosage [g/kg dry matter weight] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Residue available glucose concentration [g/kg] 3.2 2.1 3.7 4.6 43.1 Final cells count [108/g] 2.35 2.43 2.17 2.11 1.78 Final ethanol concentration[g/kg] 72.44 95.43 113.47 119.78 101.39 Yield [theoretical production %] 55.59 73.24 87.08 90.16 77.81 Productivity [g/kg.h] 0.91 1.19 1.42 1.48 1.27 Conclusion Fermentations parameter datas indicated 0.8 g/kg dry matter was the optimum glucoamylase adding for SSF using very high gravity liquefied sweet potato mash, under such condition, the osmotic pressure was controlled strictly under the high inhibition limitation level and saccharifying rate was always kept high enough for the substrate providing, and 119.78 g/kg (15.07 %, v/v) ethanol equivalent to 90.16 % of theoretical yield was achieved in 64 hours, average productivity calculated by final ethanol concentration was 1.48 g/kg.h.

We dealt with palmprint images data as high order tensors that can both preserve the spatial structure of palmprint image data and decrease the number of the parameters to be learnt [8].
Essentially a tensor can be considered to be a multi-dimensional or N-way array of data and as such is useful for the description of higher order quantities e.g. multivariate data.
Given a set of n data points 12[ , ,...., ]n X X X X = in 1 2n n R R⊗ .
Let T Y U XV= denote a random variable in the tensor subspace and suppose the data points have a zero mean.
The number in bracket is the dimension reduction.