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All of these changes due to oxidation will influence the tribological behaviour of materials.
The aim of the present work is therefore, to generate new knowledge for quantitative measurement of oxidation at elevated temperatures in in-situ x-ray diffraction and effect of a temperature on oxidation of ceramic coating at a variable coating thickness. 2.0 Materials and Experimental Program The first series of trials involved a ceramic based coating system on HSS for the evaluation.
To prepare the samples for SEM characterization, the samples surface were first covered in the mounting material epofix.
The phase fractions is a relative value and can be interpreted as percent per unit volume of the materials that contributed to the overall diffraction peaks profile.
[10] A.Yanagida,A.AzushimaCIRP Annals-ManufacturingTechnology58, (2009), 247-250 [11] Aecelor Mittal, Stretegies in car body engineering 2010, Bad Nauheim, 16th march-10 [12] Go, J. and Krugla, M., CRDT Ref. source 146555, Jun 2009.

Simultaneous Reduction and Immobilization of Cr2O72- in Metakaolinite-based Geopolymer Complexed Reductant Jieyu Chen1, 2,a *, Xinrong Lei1,2, Sun Tao1 1 Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China 2 Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geo Materials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China a chenjieyu@cug.edu.cn Keywords: geopolymer; chromium; Geopolymerization; immobilization Abstract: Reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI) as Cr2O72- is investigated by using metakaolinite-based geopolymer complexed reductant.
Consequently, besides Cr (VI) detoxication, the successive immobilization of Cr (III) is another key procedure for the cleanup of COPR.
Material And Methods Materials Coal-series kaolinite with 86% particles size below 2 μm was obtained from Datong, Shanxi province, China.
Schwartzman, The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilise toxic metals: Part II.
Material and leaching characteristics, Miner.

Compared with the traditional physical, chemical and engineering methods, bioremediation technology has many advantages to win a bright prospect.
Materials and methods Materials.
Deactivation of enzymes Remove the water under the temperature of 110 °C for 10min, and lay them in 80 °C to bake for 8h till all the materials are dry.
Take one tube with mere dissolving liquid as contrast, to dissolve the material in ventilating cupboard by electric heat instrument at 170 °C for 8h.Add 5ml dissolving liquid every 3 hours and 8h later 5ml deionized water, so as to remove all the acids in the materials.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (Grant No.2007BAE42B04).

As(III) Removal from Low-Arsenic Concentration Drinking Water by Coagulation with Quadrivalent Titanium Coagulants Yu-Chao Tang1,2a*, Xian-Huai Huang1b, Chang-Nian Wu1,2c*, Li-Hua Tang1,2, Wei-Hua Li1,2, Yan Peng1, Xin Li1 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Anhui University of Architecture, Hefei, 230022, P R China 2 School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P R China *Corresponding author. atangyc@aiai.edu.cn, bxhhuang2@gmail.com, ccnwu@mail.ustc.edu.cn Keywords: arsenic removal, titanium salts, coagulation, drinking water Abstract: As(III) removal from low-arsenic concentration drinking water treated by coagulation with mixture titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate as coagulants were studied in this paper.
Experimental Chemicals and materials Titanium tetrachloride and titanium sulfate were used as coagulants.
Although the removal efficiency may not be compared with literatures as experimental parameter and conditions were different, but high removal efficiency was achieved by coagulant with quadric-valent titanium suggesting its a promising material for As(III) treatment.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168 (2009) 1-12 [11].
The removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solutions by waste materials.

Experimental Optimization of Process Parameters for Turning TC11 Titanium Alloy Using Taguchi Methodology Design Sulin Chen1, a, Bin Shen2,b,* and Fanghong Sun3,c 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China achensulin@sjtu.edu.cn, bbinshen@sjtu.edu.cn, csunfanghong@sjtu.edu.cn Keywords: titanium alloy; turning; Taguchi design; surface roughness; diamond film Abstract.
However, the hard machinability of titanium alloy material is crucial for its further applications.
The main reasons are as follows: (1) The poor thermal conductivity of the material leads to the sharply rising temperature in the cutting zone, and the temperature on the tool face can even reach 1000°C or more. (2) Titanium alloys can maintain its high strength at high temperature which may lead to a stubborn cutting resistance at higher cutting speeds. (3) The small tool-chip contact area usually will cause a highly concentrated stress and heat generation on the tool nose. (4) Titanium is easy to react with tool materials under a high cutting temperature[2].
Therefore, reducing the temperature in the cutting zone is a key problem in titanium alloys manufacturing.
, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 17 (1999) 275-282

The advances in research of complexes of chitosan and its derivatives Feng Ma a, Feng yan LU b Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, PR China a mafengch@163.com, b lufengyan_ok@126.com Key Words: Chitosan; Derivatives; Complexes; Metal ions; Coordination; Application Abstract.
One kind is CS metal complex, and another kind can be viewed as immobilized material of transition metal complexes on CS.
Miao, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities. 25(2011), p.91 [14]S.
Wang, Journal of hazardous materials. 131(2006), p.103 [15]D.
Sanghi, Journal of hazardous materials. 47(2006), p.254 [21]S.

Thermal Reaction and Phase Evolution of APP/Al(OH)3/α-SiO2 Sheng Hu a, Wanwan Sun b, Fei Chen c, Junguo Li d, Qiang Shen e and Lianmeng Zhang f State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.
Introduction Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is widely used in many flame retardant fields such as plastic, rubber and industrial materials due to its high phosphorus content, low water solubility, high nitrogen content, good thermal stability and high flame retardancy with respect of flame retardance behavior [1].
Experimental procedures The content of silicone rubber, muscovite and APP was 25wt.%, 25wt.% and 27wt.%, respectively, according to the material formulation reported by Alexander [4].
Development of polymer–ceramic composites for improved fire resistance, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 1 (2004) 401-407
Pyrolysis behaviour of silicone-based ceramifying composites, Materials Science and Engineering A. 1 (2006) 7-14

This is an excellent way to rank the usefulness of different materials in the environment in question.
Key to the tests environments.
Larsen: Materials and Corrosion Vol. 53 (2002), p. 185 [3] C.
Oakey: Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 2002.
Grabke: Materials and Corrosion Vol. 50 (1999), p. 561

However almost of the raw materials of copper slag used in these investigations were often converter furnace slags or brass melting slags which contained high grading Cu, Co, and /or Ni.
Except some investigations demonstrated that the dump copper slag could be directly used in several areas such as architecture industry, cement production, road construction, and civil engineering work etc [11], few report involved in how to recovery or utilize the valuable metals in the copper slag with Cu 0.93 wt% and Fe 39.82 wt% could be found.
The aim of the present paper was studying on recovering iron from copper smelting slag with Cu 0.93 wt% and Fe 39.82 wt% by means of carbothermic reduction. 2 Experimental 2.1 Materials and instrument Instrument: Electrical resistance furnace SX2-10-13 (Yifeng Shanghai, China), X-ray diffraction meter (XRD) (Bruker, Germany) apparatus with a detection limit of 3 wt%.
Materials: Copper slag used in the study was produced in a copper smelter in China, it was grounded to the powders that above 80 wt% of their particle size in diameter passed through 0.074 mm for testing and investigating.
All the materials were dried and placed in the desiccator prior to experiments.

High Cycle Fatigue Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel in Air and 3.5% NaCl Solution Shurong Yua, Wei Songb, Shuxin Lic*, Meng Kaid School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China ayusr@lut.cn; bsongwei@lut.cn; c*li_shuxin@163.com; dmkteamo@qq.com Keywords: Duplex stainless steel; Fatigue limit; Fatigue striations; Ductile fracture.
Introduction Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are two phase metallic alloys used as structural materials.
Some of the results seem not consistent even for the same materials.
Apart from cyclic response at macro scale, fatigue micro-crack initiation and propagation has always been a key issue for DSSs.
The material was solution treatment.