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This is due to the increasing in the grain boundary area of fine grain solution treated alloy that would develop a rapid protective oxide layer.
The average grain size of solution treated samples were calculated based on ASTM E112 method.
Coarse grain has less grain boundary area compared to fine grain structure.
Solution treatment process were produced fine and coarse grain structure.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge the support form the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) under a grant number of FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UNIMAP/02/43 from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.

The measurements were performed with an accuracy up to 0.01 mm with numbers of loading cycles N recorded.
At the fractures, transcrystalline cracks through the grains of phase α were dominating, but the cracks along the grain boundaries were also observed, especially in the clusters of phase β.
The cracks are not continuous and they occur mainly in the grains of α-phase Fig. 3 Fatigue crack growth in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy without oxygenation, magnification 500x (light grains).
Variation of the crack length depending on a number of cycles of loading changes accordingly to a = f (N).
Fig. 5 Crack length versus number of cycles N Conclusions The following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of performed tests and obtained results: 1.

Related Works Reference [5] provides a new programming method to solve the coarse-grain parallel problem for the C language program.
Streaming program provide a good method to extract coarse-grain parallelism.
It can use coarse-grain method to accelerate the program.
Let N denote the total task quantity and the unit of N is the number of integer adding; let C denote the size of communication data and the unit of C is the number of integer that need to transfer; let P denote the number of threads.
Exploiting coarse-grained task, data, and pipeline parallelism in stream programs.

The two adhesives were applied in different parts of the batten to obtain a large numbers of the specimens with the compositions above.
The Figs. 2 (a)-(d) shows the test and the specimens for shear strength tests 2 and perpendicular to grain tensile test 3.
This parameter can be calculated trough the z=vfzn , where vf represented the feed speed, namely v6, v11, or v15, and z=1 is the milling teeth numbers and n= 7000 is the number of the rotation for minutes of cutter axis.
Mller, in: Effect of grains angle on shear strength of glued end grain joints of defect-free softwood timber, Wood Sci.
Mller, in: Bond Strength of end-grain joints and its dependence on surface roughness and adhesive spread, J.

Introduction The migration of grain boundaries plays a significant role in many materials processes.
Experimental The material was 99.996% pure aluminum, annealed at 550°C for 24h to obtain an initial grain size of several millimeters.
These further reveal that some grooves have also developed during the boundary migration near the pinning point A, as marked by white arrows and numbers in Fig. 2a and b.
Numbers in a) and b) are used to mark grooves.
Mullins’ equation is developed for stationary grain boundaries.

To constrain the number of variables in this work samples were cut from the middle of bulk material.
Figure 1(e) depicts the fine second particles of the deformation microstructure as the presence of an internal structure inside the grains that work to hinder the grain movement. 
Each lattice site was assigned with a grain ID Si indicating to the crystallographic orientation of that grain.
The stored energy is higher at the grain boundary and its level decreases in the direction of the grain interior.
As recrystallization progresses, curvature-driven growth occurs due to the impingement of recrystallized grains, resulting in equiaxed grain shapes around the large particles, especially in the RD-TD section, but not in the direction of the grain center.

The uppermost layer exhibits a great number of α-Cr precipitates, which tend to accumulate at the coating grain boundaries by rejection from the B2 phase [12, 13].
As depicted in Fig. 3, the XRD patterns exhibit the evolution of the coating structure with the number of cycles.
(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 3. - Evolution of XRD patterns of the oxidized specimens with the number of cycles.
Thus, the volume fraction of the L12 phase increases with the number of cycles at the expense of the L10 phase.
Therefore, the rumpling phenomenon observed seems to be facilitated more by grain swelling than by grain-boundary instabilities, as quoted in [11].

In recent years, several methods of sever plastic deformation techniques were used for grain refinement.
After its withdrawing from the die, the billet can be pressed again, therefore the process can be repeated easily by a number (N) of strokes in the same die.
The initial grain diameter was 30 µm (transversal section).
• The ECAE process is an efficient method to improve some of the mechanical properties by grain refinement during severe deformation
• Silver alloy for electrical contacts Ag-4%SnO2 can be deformed by ECAE at 600 0C with grain refinement

The grain on horizontal section is considered as isotropic.
Geometrical anisotropy of the grain on other sections is distinct.
The proposed method can evaluate the difference of grains in study field in size, shape, deposition, direct, area distribution and grey distribution.
Here, pi is a pore numbered i with horizontal intercept of ei and vertical intercept of νi.
And (4), based on the order number and analysis process, the scheme of pedigree cluster can be drawn.

The average grain size decreased from 240 µm to 55 µm.
It is assumed that the grain refinement is based on the nucleation of α-Mg grains on the surface of the Al4C3-particles.
Fine dispersed SiC particles act as nucleation sites for the α-Mg grains promoting the development of a fine-grained microstructure [17, 18].
Average grain size is reduced from 233 µm to 148 µm.
Grain size is reduced to 141 µm.