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By comparation, with the help of Al, higher crystalline volume fraction and lower in-plane stress can be achieved at the same laser energy (2.9mJ).
The results show that laser energy threshold can be decreased and crystalline fraction can be improved with the help of Al.
So, better crystallization effect can be achieved with the help of Al, and crystalline volume fraction depends on the laser energy.
It is in accordance with the results of Raman spectra. 2 EL-SMIC,2.4mJ As-deposited a-Si 3 EL-SMIC,2.9mJ 4 EL-SMIC,3.2mJ Figure 3 AFM of as-deposited a-Si and EL-SMIC samples treated with different laser energies Figure 3 shows AFM graphs of as-deposited a-Si and EL-SMIC samples under different laser energies.
The results reveal that higher crystalline volume fraction and lower in-plane stress can be achieved while Al is introduced.

Pan et al. [9] attributed it to rod like defects and Sun et al. [10] explained it in conjunction with the existence of spatial indirect excitons.
The insert in (b) shows EL spectra.
The EL intensity is found to increase by more than one order of magnitude in the analyzed temperature range.
The insert in Fig. 1b shows EL spectra.
Note, the SRH lifetime τ = 10 µs, which has been deduced from our model for the sample of Ng et al.

The hybrid junction devices (EL devices) were characterized by room temperature PL and electroluminescence (EL).
The figure shows the structure of (CdSe, CdS and ZnS) QDs EL devices.
The transport electrons from the cathode (Al) and emits light in response to an electric current as appear in fig.1.
Fig.4: I-V forward characteristics of the hybrid EL devices.
Tsao et al., Light Emitted Diodes (LEDs) for General Illumination.

The EL spectra of all the samples are found to be broad with peak at about 420 nm.
Peng et al [22] have also reported PL of undoped ZnS nanoparticles with a peak at about 415 nm which, after de-convolution, indicates two peaks at 411 and 455 nm.
Jayanthi et al [24] have also reported the same thing when lower concentration of Cu in ZnS is increased.
El-Sayed, Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes, Chem.
Norris, A.L.

Application of chitosan coating delayed electrolyte leakage (EL) while1-MCP maintained firmness, EL and extended storage life at 32 days after storage.
The modified method followed the procedure used by Alves et al. [13].
Electrolyte leakage (EL) measurement was modified by the method of Suwapanich and Haewsungcharern [14] and Fan and Sokorai [15].
EL was expressed as a percentage (%) of the conductivity of total tissue electrolytes and calculated from the following equation: % EL = Initial conductivity × 100 Total conductivity Fruit firmness was measured using a Shimadzu EZ test and a 0.5 mm-diameter plunger set to pierce 1-cm depth.
EL as membrane permeability of mango increased during storage that correlated with fruit ripening (Fig. 1).

In particular, at -40 oC, steel B had a high TS×El of TS=964 MPa and El=35 %.
According to the experimental results of Kajimura et al. [5], the yield stress of ferrite is considered to be lower than that of austenite in the tensile testing temperature range from 0 to 200 oC.
Olson et al. [6].
Effects of tensile testing temperature (oC ) on (a) TS, (b) El, (c) TS×El and (d) Vγ in steel A.
Effects of tensile testing temperature (oC) on (a) TS, (b) El, (c) TS×El and (d) Vγ in steel B.

Finally, an aluminum (Al) layer (100 nm) was vacuum deposited as the cathode metal.
A: ITO/PEDOT-PSS/Poly-TPD/TFB : PHPS/BCP/Al B: ITO/PEDOT-PSS/Poly-TPD/TFB : PHPS/BCP : PMMA(1:1)/Al C: ITO/PEDOT-PSS/Poly-TPD/TFB : PHPS/BCP/Al D: ITO/PEDOT-PSS/Poly-TPD/TFB : PHPS/BCP : PMMA(1:1)/Al E: ITO/PEDOT-PSS/Poly-TPD/TFB : PHPS/BCP : PMMA(1:1)/Cs2CO3/Al Samples A and B were not rinsed with xylene, while the other three samples were.
TFB:PHPS BCP PEDOT Poly-TPD Al 3.2 ITO 5.3 4.7 5.1 2.3 3.1 6.7 4.3 Fig. 1.
HOMO and LUMO levels of four organic materials and work functions of Al and ITO are displayed.
EL properties of quintuple-layer structures.

Addition of 6 wt% Zn and 1 wt% Al (ZA61) to pure Mg significantly increases the strength and %El.
Addition of small amounts of Ca to ZA61 alloy further improves the strength without much decrease in %El.
Further increase in Al to 4 wt% (ZA64) increases 0.2%PS, decreases %El and UTS remains almost the same.
Heat treatment increases the strength but reduces %El.
Thus, the highest tensile properties are obtained for the ZA64 alloy in the T6 condition: 130 MPa 0.2%PS, 225 MPa UTS and 4.9 %El.

Adachi et al made a red phosphorescent OLED for bis[2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)pyridinato]ir(III) (acetylacetonate) (btpy)2Ir(acac) as a dopant [2].
Device ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK: PBD: Ir(btpy)3 (0.5, 2, 8 and 12 wt %)/TPBi/LiF/Al, device ITO/PEDOT: PSS/PVK: Ir(btpy)3 (8 wt %)/TPBi/LiF/Al and device ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CBP: Ir(btpy)3 (8 wt %)/TPBi/LiF/Al were fabricated.
Fig. 3 The CV curves Fig. 4 EL spectra EL properties.
EL spectra were exhibited in Fig. 4.
EL main peaks (14 V) were at 600 nm, shoulder peaks were at 649 nm.

El hami and al. 2004) where the optimization process is carried out in a Hybrid Design Space (HDS).
El hami. 2010).
El Hami, B.
Abo Al-kheer, A.
El-Hami, M.G.