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It has been applied to a number of processes from turning, drilling to grinding and polishing, which has shown the advantage of machining some hard and crisp materials [1, 2].
According the recent study, the assisted ultrasonic vibration in the abrasive polishing processes has been developed from one direction vibration to two-axis flexural vibration, which can improve the MRR of many hard and brittle materials like sapphire, silicon and micro-aspheric molds.
Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 29 (2011), p. 68 [5] Saeed Mirian, Mohsen Safavi, Alireza Fadaei, Mahmoud Salimi and Mahmoud Farzin: International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 12(2011) No.2 , p. 275 [6] Shaohui Yin, Takeo Shinmura: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 44 (2004), p. 383 [7] Shaohui Yin, Takeo Shinmura: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 44 (2004), p. 1297 [8] Wenhu Xu, Xinchun Lu, Guoshun Pan, Yuanzhong Lei and Jianbin Luo: Applied Surface Science, 256 (2010), p. 3936–3940 [9] Wenhu Xu, Xinchun Lu, Guoshun Pan, Yuanzhong Lei and Jianbin Luo: Applied Surface Science, 257 (2011), p. 2905–2911 [10] H.
Sato: Journal of materials processing technology, 201(2008), p. 531 [13] Javad Akbari, Hassan Borzoie and Mohammad Hossein Mamduhi: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, (41) 2008, p.785 [14] Yan Yanyan, Zhao Bo and Liu Junli: Int J Adv Manuf Technol, (43) 2009, p.462 [15] G.F.
Kong: Journal of materials processing technology, 209(2009), p. 32 [16] Y.

Materials and methods The materials were synthesized in two steps.
Wessling, Medical applications of membranes: Drug delivery, artificial organs and tissue engineering, Journal of Membrane Science 308 (2008) 1-34
Hayashi, Modification on natural clinoptilolite zeolite for its NH4+ retention capacity, Journal of Hazardous Materials 169 (2009) 29–35
Zhu, Multifunctional NO-delivery vessel derived from aminopropyl-modified mesoporous zeolites, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 356 (2011) 526–535
Miculescu, Formylated Polysulphone Membranes for Cell Immobilization, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials 9 (2007) 3423-3426

Compared with these, chelating adsorption materials are gradually favored due to their unique adsorption mechanism, high adsorption efficiency and tremendous adsorption capacity.
[5] ParvinKarimiNeghlani, Mehdi Rafizadeh, FaramarzAfsharTaromi: Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011(186):182-189
[7] Khalid Saeed, SajjadHaider, Tae-Jin Oh: Journal of Membrane Science, 2008(322):400-405
Taha, JunlianQiao, Fengting Li: Journal of Environmental Science, 2012, 24 (4):610-616
[10] PimolpunKampalanonwat, Pitt Supaphol:Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2010,2(12):3619-3627.

Introduction Porous ceramic materials with both low and high temperature applications are of great interest today (insulators, catalyst supports, filters, ceramic membrane etc.).
Mullite is one of the most important porous support materials [2].
[2] Fengkun Yang, Cuiwei Li, Yamei Lin, Chang-An Wang, Effects of sintering temperature on properties of porous mullite/corundum ceramics, Materials Letters. 73 (2012) 36–39
Ekanem, Characterisation and optimisation of deferration of Kankara clay, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2(2007) 60-74
El-maghraby, Characterization and assessment of Saudi clays raw material at different area, Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 3(2010)271–277

Spoormaker, Materials selection combined with optimal structural design: concept and some results, Materials & Design 23 (2002) 459-470
Ashby, Market drivers for materials and process development in the 21st century, MRS Bulletin-Materials Research Society, 26 (2001) 716-725
Miracle, Metal matrix composites - From science to technological significance, Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 2526-2540
Rethwisch, Materials science and engineering: an introduction (8 ed.): Wiley, 2011
A Case Study: Advanced Material Application Product Development of Metal Matrix Composite Component, Advanced Materials Research, 626 (2013) 99-108

Zhao et al. [5] presented a similar model assuming elastic materials for soft-pad grinding of silicon wafers to simulate the actual contact of the grinding wheel on the work-piece.
Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in materials.
Most engineering materials show some nonlinear elastic and inelastic behavior under operating conditions that conflict with the assumption of linear elastic fracture mechanics.
The brittle cracking constitutive model provided in Abaqus is applicable to all brittle materials whose compressive and pre-cracking tensile behavior can be represented through linear elasticity, such as ceramics and concrete.
Shin: Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering Vol. 129(2) (2006), p. 287–295 [4] T.

A rectangular vessel has two contact surfaces with different materials, iron and copper.
The results show that the maximum stress with 112.5 MPa is distributed on the contact surface between the different materials.
Because of the different materials’ expansions, there is stress concentration on the contact surface.
In some special areas, two or more different materials may be used within contact parts for vessel design.
The maximum stress is 112.3 MPa, distributed on the contact surface between the upper plates with different materials.

The ability to predict recovery after the application of a compressive strain is crucial to both the manufacturers and end users of foam materials.
Introduction Zotefoams plc is a world leader in the manufacture and distribution of speciality foam materials, manufactured using a unique, proprietary technology.
A further advantage of this process technology is the wide range of materials to which it can be applied.
References [1] BS EN ISO 1856:2001 Incorporating amendments no 1: Flexible Cellular Polymeric Materials - Determination of Compression Set
Maita: Testing and Evaluation of Rubber-base Composites Reinforced with Silica Sand (2006) Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 40 p.2099

The chemical composition of the materials AA6351-T6 and AA5083-H111 is presented in table 1 and 2 respectively and the mechanical properties of the materials in table 3.
Tozaki, T.Ohmune: International Journal of Fatigue, volume 31 (2009), p.1443-1453 [4] P.Cavaliere, E.Cerri, A.Squillace: Journal of Material Science, volume 40(2005), p.3669 [5] T.Saeid, A.
Krishnan: Materials Science and Engineering A, volume 327(2002), p.246 [8] I.
Murugan, Siva Parameswaran: Materials Science and Engineering A, volume 528 (2011) p.5733 [9] J.H.Ouyang R.
Balasubramanian: Material Science and Engineering A, volume 459(2007), p.7 [11] S.J.Vijay, N.Murugan : Materials and Design, volume 31(2010), p.3585

The development of the ability to machine glass materials to optical tolerances is highly desirable.
Diamond cutting is a promising alternative to grinding and polishing techniques for fabricating high quality surfaces on brittle materials as a well-defined single point tool is more predictable than a multi-point grinding wheel.
Dipak: Journal of Materials Science Vol. 15 (7) (1980), p. 1696 [4] R.
Takenori: Journal of materials processing technology Vol. 200 (1-3) (2008), p. 356 [7] K.
Liu: Journal of Manufacturing Processes Vol. 7 (2) (2005), p. 95 [8] P.