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Fig. 2: Comparison of ionic conductivity of CGO with other materials from [48] with data from YSZ [58], LSGM [59] and CGO [60].
However, it is noted here that the ionic radius data should be used as a guide only.
From Inaba and Tagawa [77] with data from [83].
Fig. 4: Minimum activation energy of ceria solid solution as a function of dopant radius from [67] with data from [88].
Figure 8: Vegard’s slope as calculated by Kim [91] vs ionic radius of various dopants in ceria solid solution from [267] with data from [256].

SnO2-based sensor has many advantages such as low cost, small size, high reliability, and long operating life, but selectivity has been a major obstacle on the application for discriminating gas species in mixture of multi-reduction gases.
For example, when two or more kinds of target gases exist at the same time, the sensors are failed to measure each concentration in the target gases as reduction gas due to these have affected on a same sensor.
The calculation value of responses were identical very well with the experimental data, in which the maximum error was less than 5.0% for measurements of CO and H2 mixing gas while the repeatability of the response for 20mol%NiO-doping SnO2 sensor cell to 0.1%H2 was unsatisfactory.
It was demonstrated that feasibility of the method to detect CO and H2 concentrations by above results, therefore, it can be considered that will be a potential method to distinguish the effects of CO and H2 in the mixed gas, and detect concentrations of CO and H2 as reduction gases in the future.
Fig.5 Comparison of experimental data with calculation values on detecting of CO and H2. 5.

The reduction of overall costs has to be addressed as well, considering new sources for raw materials and more cost-efficient catalysts.
Material cost reduction.
Also the use of hydrides synthesized from waste is an interesting route for cost reduction.
The study of temperature gradients in tanks is a useful tool to analyze the behavior of the specific solution adopted and to provide reliable data for numerical simulation.
The first experiments on such a system, regular absorption and desorption cycles with static settings, validated the design and generated interesting data in terms of H2 flow, pressure and temperatures, which could be critically analyzed to design a new set of experiments and move closer to the real application.

For the coal-fired power plants, the oxy-fuel firing is a promising option for CO2emission reduction.
Before data from pilot plants will be available, thermodynamic modelling of the ash deposits can give already first indications of the corrosivity of the new environment.
Input Data and Boundary Conditions for Thermodynamic Modelling.
A possible reduction of the sulphur content in the recycled flue gas by reaction with the sulphur with the ash has been neglected in this first evaluation.
The reduction of the S-content of ~50% would significantly decrease the amount of sulphates in the deposit and at the same time in the gas as well.

Combined application of both experimental methods, Locati and thermographic, with a new approach to the determination of this slope might allow one to develop automatic equipment for the accelerated determination of the fatigue limit which would contribute to significant reduction of the test costs and time, thus increasing availability of such tests.
Thanks to these methods, it is possible to significantly cut cost of fatigue tests by the reduction of the quantity of specimens and the shortening test duration.
Locati method: This method belongs to methods of accelerated determination of fatigue limit, where the fixed-amplitude load is replaced with a programmed load, while the test time is shortened by the reduction of the specimen number.
The Staircase fatigue data for C45 steel under reversed bending Thermographic tests: 17 specimens at 6 load levels were tested using thermographic camera in constant amplitude loading conditions.
Mood, A Method for Obtaining and Analyzing Sensitivity Data, Journal of the American Statistical Association.

Introduction Recycling of industrial and construction waste in structural layers could make a significant contribution to fulfil specific aims of EU priorities in the field of civil engineering and, in particular, in the following areas: reduction of energy and raw material consumption e.g.
Müllerová [1], rational use of natural resources [2], pollution reduction, nature conservation and the reduction of unemployment is subject of many actual studies.
It is determined from data regarding dry density, or another derived parameters, e.g. deformation parameters of soil.
Data from the Impact Soil Tester can therefore be used in a similar manner to results from CBR tests performed in the laboratory and in the field.
We ascertained, that based on obtained correlation data of Evd with CIV (Eq. 3), the Clegg test, if accepted with scientific public, can be utilized as alternative dynamic impact test

The use of the FDD (Frequency Domain Decomposition) method to determine the extent of damage and the location of damage in the entire structure through less measured data is a more efficient way because of less expense.
In this study, the natural frequency was estimated using measured time history data.
Table 5 Integrity index according to the damage index The damage index(Df) Degree Measures Df <0.5 A A1 Stable structure 0.5 ≤ Df <0.75 A2 Continuous monitoring 0.75 ≤ Df B or higher Conducting detailed inspection Conclusions As a result of comparison with simulate analysis and FDD method, the exposed phenomenon as results of the structural damage was found to the stiffness reduction.
And then, the stiffness reduction was led to the reduction of the natural frequency and the change of mode shape.
The damage index was confirmed by grasping the natural frequency of steel structure, it is expected as utilization of the basic data in evaluating the safety of the structure according to the damage index quantitatively.

The reduction of inset at the liner, the new profile at circumferential edge inner liner and the increase in the femoral head diameter can be considered as a guideline for new design of the artificial hip joint for Muslim.
Based on population census data conducted by BPS Statistic Indonesia in 2010, Indonesia has the largest number of Muslim in the world.
First idea is the reduction of the inset of the polyethylene liner.
However, the problem emerges, that is the reduction in the thickness of the UHMWPE liner as a consequence of the larger head.
Reduction of inset at the liner, the new profile at circumferential edge inner liner and the increase of the head diameter are offered as solutions.

Energy efficient building shows significant savings to homeowners including costs reduction from energy, water, waste, and lower operations and maintenance costs.
Real et al. [3] reported that structural LWAC provided higher thermal insulation than normal weight concrete and had a reduction of 39 - 53% in the thermal conductivity when compared with NWC.
Although some researches regarding thermal properties of LWA have been conducted, there are little data attention when LWA partially replace normal weight aggregate (NWA) in concrete.
The simulation results of OpenStudio and annual heat loss calculation clearly manifests that the concrete containing lightweight aggregate has good energy conservation effect due to thermal conductivity reduction caused by replacing normal weight aggregate with LWA.
Bogas, “Contribution of structural lightweight aggregate concrete to the reduction of thermal bridging effect in buildings”, Contr.

The use of severe shear deformation, with imposed hydrostatic pressure, allows a reduction in the range of compaction temperatures compare to those used in conventional practice.
Fig. 1(b) includes data for hardness (HV) vs temperature.
XRD measurements showed evidence of significant plastic deformation and increased dislocation density, which is consistent with the observed reduction in the size and density of pores.
With increasing stress, the surface tension decreases and the pore cannot sustain local equilibrium, resulting in pore collapse and volume reduction.
a b Fig. 3 Evidence of increased deformation activity during compaction at 400ºC (a) average crystallite size and relative lattice distortion versus back pressure; (b) bright-field TEM image and electron diffraction pattern of typical microstructure of compact (BP = 350MPa) Summary It has been shown that the use of ECAE with imposed hydrostatic pressure permits a reduction in the range of compaction temperatures required for consolidation of Ti-6Al-4V powder compared to those used in conventional practice.