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Therefore it has been desirable to develop new materials that exhibit high oxide ion conductivities at desirable temperatures.
One such class of materials that exhibit remarkably high oxide ion conductivity at relatively low temperature is based upon a layered bismuth oxide/perovskite structure, which was first reported in 1949 by Aurrivillius [16-18].
Steele, Materials Science and Engineering B, 13 (1992) 79
Ganne, Materials Research Bulletin, 29 (1994) 406 [42] V.P.
Malys, A.J Bush, Journal of Materials Science, 36 (2001) 1099 [65] R.

They may substitute fatty acids as many oil chemical raw materials, a potential use of methyl esters is as a substitute for diesel, that is biodiesel.
Chemically, biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAMEs) which are produced from a broad range of oil materials, such as vegetable oils, animal fats and waste oil[3].
Among the unique characteristics of ILs are negligible vapor pressure, good solubility in both organic and inorganic materials, able to form multiple phase systems due to their miscibility, and highly tunable for specific tasks[8,9].
Brønsted acidic ionic liquids based on the acid anion catalyzed by acidic Ionic Liquid catalyst for high activity than other acidic Ionic Liquid, bisulfate anion main root, raw materials readily available.
Zhang: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 51 (2012), p. 10374 [24] Y.A.

Ahmed2,b 1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa aoyetolaogunkunle@gmail.com, bnahmed@uj.ac.za *oyetolaogunkunle@gmail.com Keywords: Air pollution; Covid-19; biodiesel; fossil fuel; respiratory diseases Abstract.
In accordance with waste management measures set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in the 1970s, a robust cleaner production approach was proposed in the 1980s to develop an encompassing strategy which focuses more on waste minimization, pollution control, and recycling of materials [26, 27].
As industrial production processes increase in the area of energy generation and conversion of raw materials, considerable efforts must be put in place to eliminate poisonous raw materials and reduce the level of pollutant emissions which are bound to leave the processes.
Microbes like bacteria, yeasts and microalgae are known to have the ability of stockpile lipids and oils originating from these microbes are promising raw materials for biodiesel production [33 – 39].
Mayfield, “Advances in microalgae engineering and synthetic biology applications for biofuel production,” Curr.

Conventional engineering metals/alloys exhibit superior plasticity by the systematic dislocation movement.
BGAs have yielded new application areas as specified structural materials [5,6].
This low fatigue limit is considered as a significant drawback of BGA for using structural materials.
Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 24-25(2005), 677-680
Inoue: Materials Transactions, JIM, 46, No12 (2005), 2755-2761.

Theoretically, the ammonic area reflects the types of hydrogen bonds in PU most completely, as well as the distribution of different types of hydrogen bonds in materials.
Experiment Experimental materials All the experimental materials and reagents used in this research are prepared from commercial way.
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2000, 278, 23-35
Time-Temperature Superposition in Styrene/Butadiene/Styrene Block Copolymers International Journal of Polymer Materials, 1974, 3 (1): 51-79
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2013,138: 277-285

Preparation Cu-doped carbon aerogels and their adsorptive desulfurization performance Shimin Zhanga, Shuangling Jinb, Minglin Jinc, Xia Shaod and Rui Zhange School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China ashiminzhang123@163.com, bjinshuangling@gmail.com, cjinml@sh163.net dshaoxia@sit.edu.cn, ezhangrui@sit.edu.cn Keywords: Carbon aerogel, Copper, Doping, Microporosity, Desulfurization Abstract.
Among the efficient adsorbents, carbon materials are quite promising due to their wide range of porosity, high surface area and low cost.
Carbon aerogels are novel porous carbon materials that have received considerable attention in the literature over the past decade or so.
The major uptake at relative pressures less than 0.1 and an almost horizontal plateau at higher relative pressures indicate they are highly microporous materials.
J201212), Nature Science Foundation of China (U1332107) and Key Discipline Construction Fund of Composite Materials of Shanghai Institute of Technology (No. 10210Q140001).

This review will provide useful guidance for researchers working in the design of CMOF materials and their related asymmetric catalytic applications.
Journal of Materials Chemistry (2010), 20 (16)
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials (2004), 73 (1-2), p.81-88
Chemistry of Materials (2016), 28 (8), 2573-2580
[34] Han, Q.; He, C.; Zhao, M.; Qi, B.; Niu, J.; Duan, C., Engineering chiral polyoxometalate hybrid metal-organic frameworks for asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins.

Enhancement in absorption can be achieved by proper engineering of these metal-dielectric structures in which light can be concentrated and 'folded' into a thin semiconductor layer.
Generation of exciton occurs in the donor materials.
The donor material is often a polymer, with a large range of materials available and being used.
Because PC60BM and PC70BM are well established as being effective acceptor materials, the donor materials are designed to match the band structures of these materials.
Fig. 4: Chemical structures of donor, acceptor materials and buffer layer [38]. 4.4.

Microstructures and compositions of refractories Refractories are highly heterogeneous materials, which are always poly-phased.
The raw materials are considered to be opponents of corrosion, porosity is its progress, the secondary phases are its brakes or accelerators depending on their arrangement, nature and distribution.
Microstructures of slag/ refractory chemical interactions Degradation of refractories under slag attack are complex phenomena, which may act simultaneous - penetration of slag into the porosity - dissolution which is a chemical process - erosion which is the abrasion process of the refractory materials subjected to slag and gas movement.
Various monomineral zones separated by boundaries are obtained which move gradually while advancing on refractory material (Figure 11-c).
Gabis, V. & Cesbron, F., Mullitization of andalusite in refractory bricks, Key Engineering Materials, 1997, 132-136, 1798-1801. 6.

Materials and Methods 2.1 Extraction of green features The corn field in the ecological unmanned farm of the Shandong University of Technology was selected for the study.
Chinese Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(10):10
Chinese Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 2018, 34(9):12
Chinese Journal of Agricultural Engineering,2020,36(12):162-171
Science Technology and Engineering, 2019, 19(20):273-277