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Also it has applications in the field of stellar and planetary magnetospheres, aeronautics, chemical engineering and electronics.
The effect of various material parameters on skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are presented in table 1.
Ahmed, “Unsteady MHD heat and mass transfer by mixed convection flow in the forward stagnation region of a rotating sphere at different wall conditions,” Chemical Engineering Communications, vol. 199, pp.122-141, 2012
Kim “Unsteady MHD convective heat transfer past a semi-infinite vertical porous moving plate with variable suction,” International Journal of Engineering Sciences vol. 38, pp. 833-845, 2000
Raju, and S.V.K.Varma, Soret effects due to natural convection in anon-Newtonian fluid flow in porous medium with heat and mass transfer, Journal of Naval architecture and Marine Engineering, Vol. 11 (2), 2014, pp. 147-156.

Severe soil erosion has resulted in the loss of most topsoil in many locations, thus exposing parent material or soils with low nutrient content [1].
Several measures have been taken including eco-environment rehabilitation by engineering and biological approaches [6].
In the process of nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition, Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphor, and enzyme activities are the key microbial-biochemical parameters used in soil quality monitoring due to their involvement [7].
Materials and methods 2.1 Study area The study was conducted at the Ansai Research Station of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is located in the Zhifanggou Watershed, Shaanxi Province, NW China (36°46′28″–36°46′42″N, 109°13′03″–109°16′46″E, 1010–1431 m altitude, 8.27km2).
Farming practices led to carbon and nitrogen loss while vegetation restoration can increase their levels from root exudates and litter, which affects the material cycle in the soil and improve soil quality [22].

Solid particles (bed material and coal ash) were entrained by hot gas into a vertical riser, which is 9 m high, 1.5 m long and 0.8 m wide, with two groups of water jackets along its height regulating the furnace temperature.
Fig.2 shows the schematic of the furnace wall, including the refractory brick and insulating material from the inside to the outside.
Schematic of the furnace wall. 1-Strengthen tendons.2-Temperature probe. 3-Furnace cooling water tube. 4-Pressure tap. 5-Refractory brick. 6-Insulating material. 7-Steel.
The arrangement of the furnace cooling water tube. 1-Furnace wall. 2-Refractory brick. 3-Insulating material.
Luo, et al.: Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol. 42 (2003), p. 327-335.

Hüttinger1,c 1 Institut für Chemische Technik, Universität Karlsruhe, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany 2 Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China a wgzhang@home.ipe.ac.cn, b ypzhu@home.ipe.ac.cn, cHuettinger@ict.uni-karlsruhe.de Keywords: CVD, CVI, Carbon, Texture.
Introduction Isothermal, isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process was the most important process for the production of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials, especially carbon-carbon [1-4].
The first aspect has been confirmed from simulations and modeling studies with capillaries and porous structures, in which a Knudsen diffusion plays a key role when pore entrance diameter drops to several micrometers [19-24,8,10,11].
Acknowledgement This research was performed in the Center of Research SFB 551 "Carbon from the gas phase: elementary reactions, structures, materials".

Materials and Methods.
Rosfarizan: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 594-595 (2014), p. 370-377

Materials and Methods LHR diesel engine contained a two-part piston (Figure 1); the top crown made of low thermal conductivity material, superni-90 screwed to aluminum body of the piston, providing a 3-mm-air gap in between the crown and the body of the piston.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (2007) 2314-23
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 3(1) (2008)
Institute of Engineers (London), 214(2),Part-D, Journal of Automobile Engineering, ISSN: 0954-4070, 181-187
Canadian Journal on Mechanical Sciences & Engineering, 3(3) (2012) 59-71

Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization.
Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization.
Wang (eds), Advances in Metallurgical and Mining Engineering,  Adv.
Wang (eds), Advances in Metallurgical and Mining Engineering,  Adv.
Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization.

The tribological model used in this work is the Coulomb friction law, a common engineering approximation to the frictional process where normal and tangential tractions are coupled by the normal pressure.
These two blocks share the same elastic constants Eb and νb = 0.3, and the constitutive parameters for the layer are El = 1 and νl = 0.3 together with a friction coefficient µ = 0.25 between both materials.
The analysis of the solids is taken under the hypotheses of small deformations and linear elastic behaviour of the materials, with constitutive parameters for the tire Et = 10, νt = 0.3 and for the soil Es = 1, νs = 0.3.
A comparable stiffness of the materials makes unacceptable substituting the soil by a rigid plane and this is the reason why the BE method is used to approximate the half-space while the tire is modelled using the FEM.
Felippa: Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 22 (2005), p. 319

Scardi3,b 1 ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK 2 Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy a W.I.F.David@stfc.ac.uk, bMatteo.Leoni@unitn.it, cPaolo.Scardi@unitn.it Keywords: X-ray diffraction; powder diffraction; line profile analysis; full pattern methods; whole powder pattern modeling.
Unsurprisingly, a thorough characterization of nanocrystalline materials cannot rely on a mean domain size alone but also requires more detailed information associated with the size distribution.
(Editors), 2004, "Diffraction Analysis of the Microstructure of Materials", Springer Series in Materials Science, Vol. 68.
E., 1974, X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials, 2nd ed.
(Editors), "Diffraction Analysis of the Microstructure of Materials", Springer Series in Materials Science, Vol. 68.

Correspondence to: Guoxing Chen, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, China.
[4] He Mei-de,LIU Jun，et al. : Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 29(2010), p. 603, in Chinese
[8] ZHUANG Hai-yang, CHEN Guo-xing, ZHU Ding-hua: Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 28(2006), p. 1267, in Chinese
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering.
[10] LEE Jeeho, FENVES Gregory L: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 124 (1998), p. 892