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Key aspects in the design and operation of billet heating furnaces are product quality, furnace efficiency and pollutants formation [4].
The furnace chamber is made of a cylindrical region lined with refractory material with an internal diameter of 0.38 m, below which a channel with rectangular cross-section exists (the skids are placed between these two regions).
The interior wall of the furnace is covered with refractory material with an emissivity of 0.9, while brass is considered to have a 0.82 emissivity value.
Fedorov, Direct flame impingement heating for rapid thermal materials processing.
Viskanta, Mathematical modeling of direct flame impingement heat transfer, in: Proceedings of the ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, ASME, 2007, pp. 615-623 [3] L.K.

This is connected with the phenomenon of skin effect, especially during heating of magnetic materials to the point of phase transition (Curie point) [13].
Zhou, Effect on hardness and microstructures of rail joint with ultra-narrow gap arc welding by post weld heat treatment, Key Engineering Materials 737 (2017) 90-94. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.737.90 [8] R.S.

Development Trend of Car Painting Technology Qing Guo School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation,Guangzhou University,Guangzhou 510006, China 392235496@qq.com Keywords: new painting technology, improve performance, reduce costs, cleaner production Abstract.
The major pretreatment materials worldwide: degreaser, conditioner for metal surface, etc are all liquidized in order to be convenient for self feeding and reducing dust pollution.
In the condition that car body is painted with electrophoresis, there are 3 key aspects that affect the throwing power: Electrophoresis painting characters: resistance of wet film (outside surface film thickness of control panet) and bath solution conductivity of electrophoretic paint (increase film thickness inside the cavity).
Thus material utilization is improved and cleaning water amount is reduced[3].
Table 2 Comparison between VOC content of pre-film technology and exterior paint Painting Methods Average VOC Discharge Amount per Car VOC Discharge Amount per square foot (240 ft2 per car) Solvent based coating 52.96 0.22 Water-based paint 14.00 0.0058 Prefilming technology 0.66 0.0028 Obviously, prefilming technology has many advantages: Low environmental contamination Less investment in equipments Speedy remodel High material utilization rate No orange peel Fewer wastes, no need to deal with waste paint Lighter that metal, which reduces fuel consumption Between Feb.28th, 2006 and March 2nd, 2006, Soliant Corporation convoked GPEC 2006 (Global plastic environment) in Atlanta. since the new technology reduced VOC discharge by 98% more than traditional technology, this invention of commercialized prefilming technology gained Environment Prize.

Eco-Toxicological Evaluation of Fire-Fighting Foams in Small-Sized Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Biotopes Tomonori Kawanoa, Kohei Otsuka, Takashi Kadono, Reina Inokuchi, Yuki Ishizaki, Bart Dewancker, and Kazuya Uezub Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan a kawanotom@kitakyu-u.ac.jp, b uezu@kitakyu-u.ac.jp Keywords: biotope, soap, fire-fighting foam, eco-toxicity Abstract.
The biological materials used in our recent bioassays mostly focused on the acute toxicity and biodegradability of FFF-related chemicals include a tiny fresh water model fish, Oryzias latipes known as Medaka fish [5-7], aquatic protozoa such as Paramecium bursaria [7-9], and P. caudatum [10], germinating seeds of rice (Oryza sativa.
L.) plants [11] which is a key component in the semi-aquatic landscape in Japan, and microbial samples in activated sludge [12].
Materials and Methods Laboratory-sized preliminary studies.

Synthesis of Gold Nanorods by Using H2O2 as the Weak Reducer in a Binary Surfactant Mixture Shuting Zhang1,a, Zhiang Liu2,b, Mingyue Hu1,c, Sulan Ma1,d, Min Li1,e* and Xiaoli Liu3,f* 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China 2Experimental Teaching and Equipment Management Center, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China 3Department of Physics, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China azst_jsnu@163.com, bzhiang_001@163.com, c1072902135@qq.com, d1821307504@qq.com, *elim2011@jsnu.edu.cn, *fxiaoliliu_opt@126.com Keywords: Gold nanorods; visible–near infrared spectroscopy; reducer; surfactant Abstract.
Materials and Methods Chemicals Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4•4H2O), Silver nitrate (AgNO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.

The fracture surface of the sapphire plate was observed by using a Leica DMRM Materials Research Microscope with a 10x objective 1.
On the other hand, the behavior of hook B (Fig. 8) differs in several key points.
Krause, in: 26th Annual Conference on Composites, Advanced Ceramics, Materials, and Structures: A, edited by H.
Singh, Vol. 23, issue 3 of Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH (2002)

To address these issues, the paper's contributions include paralleling SEPIC converters, microcontroller-based PWM control, selecting materials within budget constraints, and optimizing component sizes to ensure a wide operating range, compact size, and satisfactory performance.
Method and Material A.
Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.1272864, 2023 [11] P.
Advanced Engineering Letters, 3(1), 2024: 21-29. https://doi.org/10.46793/adeletters.2024.3.1.3 [13] D.
Angadi, “Comprehensive Review on Solar, Wind, and Hybrid Wind-PV Water Pumping Systems-An Electrical Engineering Perspective,” CPSS Trans.

Barros, Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods, Materials Science and Engineering: C 80 (2017) 771-84
L, Microcapsules PCL with Essential Oil Citronella, Advances in Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine: Open Access 2 (2017)
Yusoh, A Review on the Recent Research of Polycaprolactone (PCL), Advanced Materials Research 1134 (2015) 249-55
Srivastava, Injectable methotrexate loaded polycaprolactone microspheres: Physicochemical characterization, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility evaluation, Materials Science and Engineering: C 81 (2017) 542-50
Choi, Synthesis of Beta-glucan Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Single Strand DNA, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 23 (2018) 144-9

Research Progresses of Deep Eutectic Solvents and its Application in Separation and Catalysis Fang Bai1,a*, Jing Li1,b and Chao Hua1,c 1CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 1 afbai@ipe.ac.cn, blijing16@ipe.ac.cn, chuachao@ipe.ac.cn Keywords: deep eutectic solvents (DESs), extraction, extractive distillation, separation Abstract.
As template agent, it can induce the shape of the material skeleton to get the nanoscale catalyst.
References [1] MA Kareem , FS Mjalli, MA Hashim , Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids Analogues and Their Physical Properties, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. 55 (2010) 4632-4637
[3] AAC Toledo Hijo, GJ Maximo, MCCosta, Applications of Ionic Liquids in the Food and Bioproducts Industries, Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 4(2016) 5347-5369
[12] TT Jiao, XL Zhuang, HY He, Separation of Phenolic Compounds from Coal Tar via Liquid Liquid Extraction Using Amide Compounds, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 54 (2015) 2573-2579

Dave2, 4 , Lifeng Xu3, 4 , and Xiankai Sun3,4 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA 3 Department of Radiology, 4Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA a yhao@uta.edu (corresponding author) Received: March 19, 2010; accepted: March 29, 2010 Keywords: Gold Nanoparticles, Cancer imaging, SERS, Cytotoxicity.
We thank the Characterization Center for Materials and Biology (CCMB) at University of Texas at Arlington for providing financial and technical support for the electron microscopic characterization of the nanoparticles.
Drezek, Measurement of immunotargeted plasmonic nanoparticles' cellular binding: a key factor in optimizing diagnostic efficacy, Nanotechnology 19 (2008)