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[4] Studying the Effect of Different Combinations of Salt Modifier on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of A356 Al-Si Alloy Rafiq Ahmad, Saima Mumtaz, Tahir Ahmad* Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Emerging Technologies, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan *tahirengg4051@yahoo.com, tahirahmed33@gmail.com Keywords: Preparation of A356.Al-Si Alloy, Salt Modifier, Mechanical Properties, Microstructure Abstract The present study aims to develop A356 Al-Si alloy using high purity aluminium and various master alloy in gas fired pit furnace.
Experimental work 2.1 Composition of Raw Materials The composition of raw materials used in this research is given in the table 1. 2.2 Different Ratio of Modifiers and Casting Methods During present research work NaF with CaCl2 salt modifier was used to determine the optimum mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy.
Table1 Raw materials for melting practice Raw Material Composition Al-Ingot 99.9%Al Al-Si (Master alloy) 50%Al, 50%Si Al-Mg (Master alloy) 75%Al, 25%Mg Al-Cu (Master alloy) 50%Al, 50%Cu Al-Mn (Master alloy) 40%Al, 60%Mn Al-Ti-B (Master alloy 95%Al, 5%TiB Pure Zinc (powder) 99.9% Zn The crucible was cleaned and all non-metallic inclusions were removed from it.
Marshall; International journal of cast metals research, 15(2003) 497- 504
Abdulkhalek; Journal of Materials Science, 34(1999) 3555-3564

Brittle materials exhibit higher compressional strength than tension.
As such, investigating the fracture toughness of brittle materials can be realised through the Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc Test (CCNBD) which was suggested by Fowell [6].
Journal Of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences. 46.
Pp.489 – 497 [3] Hertzberg, Richard W.(1995) Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences1995. p. 57-64

Introduction Spinel ferrites are commercially important materials because of their excellent magnetic and electrical properties [1].
They have been utilized as radar absorbing materials (RAM) in various forms for many years due to their large magnetic losses and large resistivity.
Reflection losses (RL) in ferrites are related to magnetic and dielectric behavior of these materials, to ferrite-composite ratio and sample thickness.
The obtained materials are indeed uniform single cubic fcc (Fd3m) phase spinels having typical NiCuZnFe phases.
Kurlyandskaya: European Polymer Journal Vol. 43 (2007), p.1333

Cover contour is equipped with pressure devices VII by means of which the necessary effort for holding of material is created during the work of HAC.
At different longitudinal deformations of the carrying and cover belts it is possible relative slipping of the last on a material that negatively influence on deduction of a material by friction forces on a belt and increases wear and tear of the carrying belt.
Rubber cable belts of various producers («PXOENIX», «ContiTech» firms, Germany) giving wide range for a choice of the cover and carrying belts of highly productive high angle belt conveyors capable to transport materials at considerable height have a similar variety of elastic properties, at considerably bigger explosive effort.
Sanakulov Development of cyclic and line technology on a basis of the high angle conveyors in deep open pit mines, Mining journal 8 (2011) 43-52
Kasatkin Influence of the stress strain condition of belts of the sandwich belt high angle conveyor on its efficiency, Mining journal 1 (2009) 79–82

On the one hand the newly-built residences are blindly following the traditional dwellings styles: Using modern materials and techniques to reproduce traditional architectural style without fully consider, resulted in the building appearances is "no ancient, no modern".
Using the modern materials, technology and reconstruction methods to express the history, you should inherit regional historic context, regional architectural, regional architectural features and the landscape pattern of the street space.
In rural reconstruction you need combine the natural with socio-cultural, respecting historical context, using the modern technology and materials to express the past, and realize the combination of regional and epochal.
On the basis of preserving the traditional culture, historical heritage and natural harmonious co-existence, we can take the science and sustainable development theory as the guideline, combining the rural reconstruction system with the new technology, new material and new equipment.
Study on Characteristics of Village Cottage Building in New Rural Construction Planning: Taking Xiba Village as an Example, Journal of Hunan City University, Vol. 18(2009), p.22 –25

Introduction Magnesium alloys are described as “the green engineering material in the 21st century”.
References [1] Gray J E, Luan B:Journal of alloys and compounds Vol. 336(2002),p. 88～113
[2] Qian Jiangang, LI Di, Wang Xueli:High School Chemical Journal Vol.26(2005),p.1338 ~ 1341,in Chinese
[3] Mordike B L, Ebert T:Materials Science and Engineering A Vol.A302(2001),p.37-45

The cutting process is a dynamic state in which micro-structure of material, hardness, toughness, cutting vibration, and many other factors influencing roughness is varying.
The workpiece materials are aluminum 6061 or steel Q235.
Tian: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 40 (2004), p. 190-194 [4] Sami Ekici, Selcuk Yildirim and Mustafa Poyraz: ScienceDirect, Vol. 34 (2008), p. 2937-2944 [5] X.H.
Huang: Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Vol. 8 (2008), p. 1301 -1309 [6] J.G.
Zheng: Machine Tool Vibration and Control (Science Press, China 1981)

Block treatment of multi-layer wafers for the development of a numerical model of a 300mm batch heat treatment furnace Eun-Yi Ko1, a and Kyung-Woo Yi1, b 1 Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 155-744, South Korea a gony79@snu.ac.kr, byikw@snu.ac.kr Keywords: silicon wafer, heat treatment, block model, vertical furnace, wafer stack Abstract.
Temperature distribution in the radial direction can cause thermal stress on the wafers; this stress can grow beyond the yield strength of the material, so that it can easily induce plastic deformation.
Reference [1] Badwell : Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol.139(1992)., p524-p532, [2] Badwell : AIChE Journal Vol.38(1992), p926-p938

., 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea 3 Korea Sport Science Institute, 223-19 Gongreung-2dong Nowongu, Seoul 139-242, Korea a cowas87@hanmail.net, bmechhsk@inje.ac.kr, cychoi@inje.ac.kr, dmechlsb@inje.ac.kr Keywords: Contact analysis, Thermal instability, Coupled analysis, Repeated braking mode Abstract.
Table 1 expresses material properties of the disc and the pad for the simulation.
Table 1 Material properties of the disc and the pad[6] Material Properties Modules of Elasticity [ ]Pa , Ε 9125 10× Poisson's Ratio, ν 0.25 Thermal Expansion Coefficient, α 612 10−× Thermal Conductivity [ ]W mC , Κ 54 Specific heat [ ]J kgC , C 586 disc Density 3[ ]kg m , ρ 7100 Modules of Elasticity [ ]Pa , Ε 90.53 10× Poisson's Ratio, ν 0.25 Thermal Expansion Coefficient, α 630 10−× Thermal Conductivity [ ]W mC , Κ 0.5 Specific heat [ ]J kgC , C 1034 pad Density 3[ ]kg m , ρ 3660 Heat Transfer Boundary Condition.
Barber, "Frictionally excited thermoelastic instability in automotive disc brakes", Journal of Tribology, Transactions of ASME(1997), Vol.115, pp.607-614
Richmond, "Brake disc hot spotting and thermal judder : an experimental and finite element study", International Journal of Vehicle Design(2000), Vol.23, No.3/4

Study On Solar Photovoltaic Industry Chain Vertical Integration Investment Decisions Rongsheng Chen1, a, Min Liu2,b 1School of Management, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710054,China 2 School of Economics, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710100,China aroson2000@126.com, bcastleliumin@126.com Keywords: Photovoltaic Industry Chain, Vertical Integration, Competition Effects, Cooperation Effect.
Industrial organization theory believes that: the main reason for vertical integration is the dependence relationship (production organization, supply relationship for raw material, etc.) between the upper and lower enterprises in the process of their production.
There is very little documentation on how uncertainty in supply and demand creates motivations for vertical integration, and the effects under vertical integration vertical industry organization (such as the effects of excess capacity and raw materials).
Journal of Industrial Organization, 2:159-170(1984)
[10] Emons W: Journal of Industrial Organization, 14:465-484(1996)