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Introduction It is a key issue to determine the crack propagation rate when studying three-dimensional (3D) fatigue crack growth behaviors of materials.
C, n are material parameters which can be determined by just a group of tests.
He: PhD thesis, Northwestern Polytechnical University (1997) [6] Qingzhi He: Journal of Beijing Astronautics College Vol. 3(1981), p.l [7] Tianyou Fan: Elementary fracture mechanics(Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, 1978) [8] Yuting He, in: Progress in Experimental an Computational Mech.
In engineering and Material Behavior.
Li, R Shi, et al: Key Engineering Materials Vols.297-300(2005) [10] Wu X R.

To support the thermal conductivity analysis, the char yields were visualized by using direct photograph and SEM to investigate the char quality based on the color and the structure of char material imaging their porrosities.
The produced char was inserted in the char specimen stack, then was sandwiched under load between two reference materials, each in contact with the flat plate of a heating/cooling unit.
Wijayanti, Gaining the Enthalpy of Solid Yields Formation in the Process of Waste Pyrolysis, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Volume 493, hal. 179-185, 2014 [2] K.
Studies on kinetics, thermal and heat transfer effects, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Volume 69, Issue 4, pages 907–915
Babu, et al, 2004, Heat transfer and kinetics in the pyrolysis of shrinking biomass particle, Chemical Engineering Science [6] H.

China, 450001 b Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P.R.
But lapping has such disadvantages as great wafer subsurface damage, hard to realize atomization and environment pollution of consumable materials.
The ratio of the above two parts is decided by the material removal mode.
Two parts are all small and the second part is relatively great when the material is removed by ductile mode.
Guo: Journal of Semiconductors, Vol. 29 (2008) No. 8, pp.1552-1556.

Numerical Simulation of Induction Heating Process of Continuous Casting Slab Hao LIU a , Liliang CHEN b, Jianxin ZHOU c State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, wuhan 430074, Hubei, China E-mail: ahustowner@gmail.com, bliliangchen@hust.edu.cn, c zhoujianxin1975@163.com Keywords: Casting slab, Induction heating, Finite Difference Method, Temperature distribution Abstract.
The characteristics of steels during induction heating are complex, the change of material properties with temperature makes exact analysis methods very difficult to implement.
To adequately reflect the temperature- dependent material properties, the number of time steps and the size of each time step should be determined based upon the variation of material properties within the entire temperature range.
In other words, if the change of material properties in a certain temperature range was significant, more and smaller time steps should be used.
Bay: Journal of computational physics Vol. 187(2003), p.68-94 [3] Eduardo N.

The paper provides a comprehensive review of solar still designs, their performance, and the development of materials used in these designs.
It highlights that design improvements and highly absorptive and insulating materials have significantly increased efficiency and productivity, supporting their adoption in sustainable water desalination [22].
Olabi, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 748, pp. 141528, 2020
Basrah Journal for Engineering Sciences 24.2 (2024)
N., Sarr, J., Science Journal of Energy Engineering, vol.13(2), pp.62-70,2025

Hocheng conducted ultrasonic drilling on Carbon/Epoxy and Carbon/PEEK to explore the cutting nature, cutting mechanism, and economic effect, and found that ultrasonic drilling can avoid the splitting and burrs of composite materials [3].
The material of workpiece uses AISI H13.
Hsu: Preliminary Study of Ultrasonic Drilling of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics, Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 48,(1995), p. 255-266
Hocheng: Using Borer-Shape Electrode in Electrochemical Smoothing of Holes (Materials Science Forum, Vol.505-507 (2006), p.793-798
Pa: Design of Completely Inserted and Feeding Electrode for Female Screw in Electrochemical Finishing, Key Engineering Materials Vols. 329 (2006), p231-236

Reed 1, b 1 Materials Group, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK, 2Institute of Polymer Technology and Materials Engineering,, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK a ajmoffat@soton.ac.uk, bpasr1@soton.ac.uk Keywords: Fatigue, Piston, Short Crack, Phase Mapping Abstract.
Materials Three materials have been studied (compositions are given in Table 1); the alloys also contain small quantities of Ti, Zr, V and P.
Hardness is a measure of a materials resistance to plastic deformation and there are empirical relationships between hardness and TS [12].
Edwards, W.M.: PhD Thesis in Institute of Polymer Technology and Materials Engineering. 2002, Loughborough University: Loughborough. 8.
Ye, H: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2003. 12(3): p. 288-297. 12.

Through the analysis on the current study of the cutting blade material and considering the continuous cutting and large impact of the tap cutter, it is determined to select the ultra-fine grain carbide material as the cutting blade [1] material, with the brand of YT5 and type of C310[2].
Further, the cutting blade material is YT5, cutting edge radial runout is 0.02mm and end runout is 0.01mm.
As the working piece is of poor rigidity, it can’t resist impact; remaining materials are of larger sway and vibration
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 120(2002),pp. 450 - 457
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 43(2003),pp. 103 - 114.

Experimental materials were melted using the SG-5-12-type crucible resistance furnace.
Rare Metal Materials and Engineering Vol. 39 (2010), p.2112.
Materials Science and Engineering Vol.
Rare Metal Materials and Engineering Vol. 37 (2008), p.1737.
Materials Review.

Kim, "Continuous Casting and Rolling for Aluminum Alloy Wire and Rod", Materials Science Forum, 638-642(2010)255-260
Jabłoński, Effect of Iron Addition to Aluminium on the Structure and Properties of Wires Used for Electrical Purposes, Materials Science Forum, 690(2011)459-462
Miyake, Casting of Aluminum Alloy Rod by a Single Wheel with V-Groove, Key Engineering Materials, 792(2018) 53-58
[13] Toshio Haga, Naotsugu Okuda, Hisaki Watari and Shinichi Nishida, Casting of Thin Aluminum Alloy Rod Using Twin Wheel Caster Equipped with Rotating Side Dam Plates, Materials Science Forum, 1042 (2021) 61-67
[15] Toshio Haga, Masanari Daishi, Hisaki Watari and Shinichi Nishida, Thin Wire Casting Using Twin Wheel Caster Equipped with Horizontal Wheels, Materials Science Forum, 1066(2022) 19-15