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Processes based on self-organization of materials are very attractive due to their possibility to provide an opportunity to form the nanostructures that are difficult to achieve with conventional methods.
Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 93 (2009) 621-624
Lieber, Functional Nanoscale Electronic Devices Assembled Using Silicon Nanowire Building Blocks, Science 291 (2001) 851-853
Lin, Growth of zing oxide nanowires on silicon (100), Tamkang Journal of Sience and Engineering 6 (2003) 127-132
Zhang, Growth of nanowires, Materials Science and Engineering R60 (2008) 1–51

In contrast to aluminum alloys, titanium alloy can be easily joined by diffusion welding without secondary materials, due to its ability to dissolve its own oxide at elevated temperature.
A similar process utilizing liquid phase is transient liquid phase (TLP) diffusion bonding in which a suitable interlayer is inserted between the pieces to be joined and inter-diffusion between the interlayer and the base material leads to the formation of a low melting point liquid phase at the bonding temperature. 
Materials and experimental work Ti-6Al-4V and 15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al alloys were chosen to observe interface morphology during diffusion welding.
Barnes: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 14(2007), p.440-454
Takenaka: Materials Science Forum, Vol. 539 – 543(2007), pp.539-543

and students seeking to understand the conundrums of political science and international relations.
The application of case teaching method needs the teaching cases, case database and a lot of intact file materials with the typicality and the representation of judicial practice, objective contents, and theoretic judgment.
It brings realistic difficulty to the application of case teaching method due to not totally open trial process, lawsuit writs and court hearing records, and that the intact file materials can not be drawn and used at any time.
Teachers should use multimedia technology and network technology to collect and analyze the relative materials about the case.
Organizational Management Journal, 2009, 6, 251-262

Al-Ti alloys are used in automotive and aerospace applications as excellent engineering materials due to their high specific strength and stiffness, high strength retention and high creep resistance at high temperature [4, 5].
Inoue, Progress in Materials Science, 43 (1998] 365-520
Suryanarayana, Progress in Materials Science, 46 (2001] 1-184
Abdulkareem, International Journal of Metals, Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 127106
Nanoelectronics and Materials, 8 (2015) 23-32.

Materials and Methods Material Selection: The alloy used in this study is aluminum alloy 6061 (AA6061), which is a widely used aluminum alloy for structural applications.
When the intensity (energy) of ultrasonic waves is more to that of liquid materials bonding energy, it breaks the liquid bonds and develops cavitation bubbles inside the molten material.
After sonication process, liquid material was poured into the preheated die.
David, Theoretical and experimental study on ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles for strengthening cast aluminum alloy A356, Journal of Metallic Science and Technology, 26 (2008), 112-120
Hao, Processing Routes for Aluminium based Nano-composites, Master of Science thesis, Worchester Polytechnic Institute, Worchester, MA, Apr. 2010.

The model is 3-D and consists three types materials of concrete, steel bar and soil.
Pile is model as linear elastic material.
In this model, the material parameters and pile geometry parameters are the same to the model above.
Acknowledgement This paper subsidized by the PH.D fund of Henan University of Science and Technology(09001210) and education department of henan province(2010B560005) References [1] GAO Xiaojuan,LIU Fengjun,LI Yuehui and ZHU Xiangrong.
Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 22(3):494-499 (in Chinese)

Introduction With the improvement of material life and spiritual pursuit, people need more in living condition.
An ecologic residential quarter needs to reduce the pavement area of the ground and increase the use of materials which have good water permeability.
The key of roof material is selection of the upper soil and the plant.
Upper soil should choose clean natural or artificial material with high porosity, small density and available for plant growth.
Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University, 2, 90-92

The structure design of the mini underwater robot Yufeng Wei1,a, Fang Liu2,b, Fei Hu3,c, Fanrang Kong4,d 1,2,3,4School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China awyf1541@mail.ustc.edu.cn, bliufang1@mail.ustc.edu.cn, cfeihu@mail.ustc.edu.cn, dkongfr@ustc.edu.cn Keywords: Underwater robot; Structure design; Resistance calculation.
Nevertheless, the shape and material adopted depends on two main factors: the first one is designed depth of the underwater robot, the other one is the payload of the underwater robot.
Through considering comprehensively, we selected 5454-aluminum alloy as the main material of the main cabin, and PC (polycarbonate) engineering plastic as the material the half-ball shell. 3.3 Stress calculation of the main cabin The robot will deform when squeezed by the seawater.
Although when water pressure increased to a certain value which still within the strength of material, the main cabin lost symmetry due to the overlarge deformation.
Ming-Xue, "Dynamics model of underwater robot motion control in 6 degrees of freedom," Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, vol. 12, 2005

Cao 2,b 1 Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China and Materials Research Center, Hong Kong SAR, China 2 Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA 3 Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering; Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, P.
Additionally, it is interesting to note that, although originally the development of the SrTiO3/Si heterostructure was mainly motivated by the potential use of SrTiO3 as a high-k material, the present research has actually shown the SrTiO3/Si structure can be a good reference for integration of other perovskite oxide devices on Si.[9] The heterostructure of BST/high-R silicon for tunable microwave devices is one good example.
Zhang, Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 105 (2009), p.034112 [3] H.

Currently, the achievement of a super mirror finish still relies largely on the experience and skills of the machine operators through an expensive trial-and-error approach when new materials, new design of surfaces or new machine tools are used [4] .
Although some attempts have been made in the development of machining models to simulate surface topography of a machined surface [5] , most of them do not take into account the effect of the cutting strategy, machining kinematics, cutting theories, material science, machine tool wear, 3D slide axis errors and temperature and thus fails to achieve optimization of the surface quality.
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY SIMULATION MODEL FREEFORM TOOL PATH SIMULATOR OUTPUT SUB-MODEL 3D tool locus Tool interference Simulated 3D surface Surface form and roughness evaluation Machining Kinetic Model Vibration Cutting force Tool wear Other factors Workpiece Information Materials Geometry Others Reference Data Metrology Information Machine Tool Metrology Workpiece Metrology INPUT SUB-MODEL Machining Parameters Feed rate Spindle speed Others Step distance Machining Tool Geometry Tool nose radius Swing distance Guide axisOthers 4 Fig. 4 Optimization model Fig. 5 Freeform measurement path plan Freeform Surface Evaluation.
The successful development of the integrated platform can help to identify to optimal cutting conditions and cutting strategy for different work materials without the need for costly trial and error cutting tests.
Cheung: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol.43 (2001) No.4, pp.961-991