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The microstructure of each sample was observed using an optical microscopy in order to measure the grain sizes of the primary α and secondary α phases.
Under these fatigue testing conditions, the relationship between the maximum cyclic stress (S) and the number of cycles to failure (N), that is, S-N curve, for each material was obtained. 　　　
At a maximum cyclic stress of 600 MPa, the number of cycles to failure of Material-A ranged from around 8 × 104 to 1 × 106, whereas that of Material-B ranged from around 7 × 105 to 3 × 106.
For a lamellar microstructure (secondary α + β phase), the width of the secondary α phase should be considered instead of the grain size [7].
The small width of the secondary α phase leads to good crack propagation resistance due to the high grain boundary density [8].

RE elements can improve the conductivity, refine the grain, and improve the microstructure of CA [6-8].
By analyzing the number of EC grindings and welding points after each grinding, the life of the EC can be determined.
Some of the twin grains are broken due to extrusion The phase transition and deformation twins formed under the cyclic heat-pressure Some twin grains deform under cyclic pressure The twin planes are arranged in parallel and regular order The twin grains gradually evolve into smaller network twins under cyclic heat-pressure The network twins are still orderly distributed Because of grain refinement and the formation of high melting-point compounds, the impurity distribution density at grain boundary is lower, thus increasing the strength.
The deformation was small, and the grinding number was greater.
Therefore, for RE EC, the number of welding points after grinding was less than that for Al2O3 EC.

Introduction Ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials have been attracting significant scientific interests because they have unusual and extraordinary mechanical and physical properties than those of their conventional coarse-grained polycrystalline materials [1-4].
Chung et al [15] investigated effect of the number of ECAP pass time on the electrochemical properties of 1050 Al alloys.
The size of Si-containing impurities decreased with increasing ECAP pass number, and pitting resistance was increased with the ECAP passes.
The information of grain size and microstructure distribution was obtained by observation with a JEOL JSM-5400 SEM. 3.
For the as-cast sample (Fig. 2 a), there are a large number of plate-shaped Si particles concentrated in grain boundary region of α-Al crystals and also small amount of Al2Cu particles (θ phase) are found in Al matrix.

Group (organization) and the causal (causation)" graining involving the whole into parts; Organization involving parts into a whole; And causal involves the relationship between cause and effect "he further advances the granular computing that granular computing is a big umbrella, covers all the theory about grain!
large number of complex information, due to human's own ability is limited, can only put a lot of complex information according to their respective characteristics and performance will be divided into simpler pieces, and every such separate block is as an information granule "the processing information is referred to as the process of information granulation L.A.Z soon mentioned the concept of information granularity, he points out that information granularity is a measure of the different levels of information and knowledge refinement "granular computing is to put the original/coarse-grained large object is divided into several/fine-grained small object for research, the original space is divided into different degree of granularity of space", the basic idea of granular computing is the use of particles in the problem solving process, is an element of group!
Class or clustering, to build information granule process is called information graining "graining information granulation by whether information granule has ambiguity can be divided into two types: the fuzzy way of graining a graining (C) and fuzzy way of graining F (a grain)" in almost all human reasoning and concept formation, the information is vague, the way of fuzzy granulation is impossible to reflect the fact that, in addition, the attribute is fuzzy, fuzzy granule.
In practice, fuzzy information granulation can be seen as human expression of reasoning using data table of a method, in particular in an imprecise and part of the true value of one way to make reasonable decisions in the environment "and the fuzzy information of graining more theoretical and practical significance, because it reflects the human graining and the characteristics of processing information," humans have in inaccuracy!!!
Call equivalence relation knowledge, said R particles generated equivalence class as the basic knowledge, and called the quotient set of domain U R - grain of division.

From dc polarization data, it appears that the (PEO)9CuCNS system is a mixed conductor having an ionic transference number ti ≈ 0.8, and an electronic transference number te ≈ 0.20.
Al2O3 PEO9CuCNS ln ( σ ) / S cm -1 1000/T K-1 100 80 60 40 20 Temperature / oC 4 Table 2 Anionic and cationic transport numbers of (PEO)9CuCNS and (PEO)9CuCNS + 10 wt.% Al2O3 systems System t+ t- (PEO)9CuCNS 0.14 0.86 (PEO)9CuCNS + 10 wt% Al2O3 0.02 0.98 Al2O3 filler grains consists of O and OH polar groups at the surface.
As suggested by Wieczorek et al [14], CNS- anions have an affinity towards polar OH groups, on alumina grains.
This provides additional favourable conducting pathways for anion migration in the vicinity of filler grains.
This, we believe, is reflected as an enhancement of ionic conductivity and anionic transport number in the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte.

The grain size of the diamond film is determined to be about 80 nm.
Methane content in argon is a major factor to affect grain size of the diamond film.
Pretreatment is another factor to affect the grain size of the diamond films.
However, for NDF sample, the number of the attached cells increases smoothly.
Number of osteoblast-like cells attached on Ti and nanocrystalline diamond films (NDFs).

The model number of differential thermal analyzer is NETZSCH STA449C and the reference compound is α-Al2O3.
And a large number of crystals are formed at the same time.
The distribution of grains is uniform relatively in Fig.3(b).
The shape of the grains is not very inerratic when the picture is enlarged.
The grains should be the aggregate of a large number of ZnAl2O4 and NaAlSiO4 crystals.

It was also found that the presence of the significant number of the polygonal ferrite in the structure enables the deformation of the steel too.
It is essential to modify the chemical composition and prevent grained ferrite precipitations.
The numbers of the specimens, the temperature of the end of deformation and the version of cooling are presented in Table 3.
There is a small number of the laminated ferrite precipitated at the boarders of the primary austenite grains visible at larger magnifications.
Some of precipitations of the carbides inside of the ferrite grains are also observed (zone 1 on Fig. 2).

Introduction Ultrafine grained metals and alloys with grain sizes ranging from tens to hundreds nanometers are a subject of much current interest because of their enhanced mechanical and functional properties [1, 2].
Severe plastic deformations have been successfully utilized as novel processing methods for production of ultrafine grained metallic materials.
The sizes of subgrains and grains were measured on TEM and OIM images, respectively by a linear intercept method transversely to the drawing axis.
At the both strain levels depicted in Fig. 2, the transverse grain size is about 500 nm that is evaluated as an average distance between high-angle grain boundaries, i.e. those having misorientations above 15.
Thus, annealing at relatively low temperatures leads to increase in the number of finely dispersed particles, which do strengthen the alloy.

Corrosion of LPS alumina in both media was controlled by dissolution of calcium aluminosilicate grain boundary glass.
Moreover, SEM examination (not shown), revealed rounded surface grains due to their partial dissolution, and detachment of individual grains from the specimen’s surface as the result of grain boundary attack.
As Si and Ca are present almost exclusively in amorphous grain boundary film it is reasonable to expect that the elements originate from the grain boundary calcium aluminosilicate glass.
Corrosion of the alumina A is controlled by slow, temperature-dependent dissolution of alumina matrix grains accompanied by gradual loosening and detachment of some grains, possibly due to preferential grain boundary attack.
The financial support of this work by the grant APVV 0500-10 and by the grant of the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA under the contract number VEGA 1/0206/11 is gratefully acknowledged.