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In all performed tests, only the number of cycles until failure is recorded.
Dispersion of microscopic voids and a number of shallow dimples are present at the grain facets.
The NZ is composed of equiaxed grains caused by dynamic recrystallization.
The grains in the TMAZ are coarsened and partly recrystallized compared to the NZ.
The grains in the HAZ are deflective, which is similar to the base material.

The fraction softened corresponds to the number of incident intercepts on recrystallized ferritic grains divided by the total number of intercepts incident on any ferrite grain, not including the pearlite also present in the microstructure.
More severely deformed regions are identified in band slope map, shown in Fig. 3(a), by darker areas which correspond to a lower Band Slope numbers.
After 30 s at 650°C some recrystallized ferritic grains can be seen in the microstructure, as shown in Fig. 3(b).
Since only a few grains were sampled it was not possible to establish a statistical distribution of their crystallographic orientation.
The nucleation of recrystallized grains occurred primarily in regions severely deformed by cold rolling.

This alloying permits the reduction of the effect of non-magnetic inclusions and to increase the grain size by metallurgical treatments [3].
GO laminations are subdivided in two classes: conventional grain oriented (CGO) and high permeability (HGO) [6, 7].
This is result of grain growth by annealing at high temperature, which generates a reduction of the number of domain walls and of the intensity of the micro-eddy currents [10, 11].
The stress introduced locally in this way interrupts the basic domains, acting somehow like an artificial grain boundary.
Laser irradiation is the usual mean of reducing the core losses in the large-scale industrial production of grain-oriented silicon steel.

End face grain combustion is used and there are main chamber, afterburning chamber, grain and nozzle in the motor.
The grain motion is not considered in the calculation.
So longitudinal angle and tangential angle near the grain in the main chamber can be expressed as a1 and b1 respectively.
It is supposed that temperature of hot gas, which is obtained from grain combustion, is 2400K[11].
After the second water droplets injection and combustion in the afterburning chamber, both the number and diameters of aluminum particles decrease rapidly.

Dislocations were pined by La2O3 grains.
While La2O3 grains are different in shapes (Fig. 1b).
Some grains would merge together to form large grains.
Effects of La2O3 on impurities concentration in grain boundaries.
A number of La2O3 in Mo alloy were found to passivate the tip of cracks, and the fracture energy could be absorbed.

The primary crystallite size is calculated to be 46nm and the crystal grains grow with excellent orientation (444) in the internal network.
The secondary particle size is estimated to be ~8mm and the large grain size is owing to the particles aggregation.
The crystal grains distributed uniformly in the glass matrix, and consistent well with the XRD analysis results.
The size of crystal grain is about 8mm, much larger than 46nm calculated by Scherrer equation.
This is because the crystal grains with high energy would assemble with interfaces matching coherently to minimize the energies and were sintered by the heat treatment process.

The amount of grain size decreased with increasing layer thickness.
The results indicated that the method can reduce the grain size in developed coatings.
R Layer Thickness Al/Ti Crystal orientation AlTiN N2 Crystal Grain size (cgs) 111/200 220/200 311/220 minimum maximum 1 2.717µm 1.506 0.5770 0.377 0.294 0.4696 7.9060nm 11.8350nm 2 3.089µm 1.708 2.8990 0.382 0.230 0.5466 6.5861nm 15.8237nm 3 3.912µm 1.861 0.8750 0.343 0.363 0.6560 7.1087nm 10.3430nm 4 5.816µm 1.961 0.9470 0.350 0.200 0.7461 7.9022nm 11.8340nm 5 8.760µm 2.115 0.9642 0.321 0.000 0.8443 6.5861nm 15.8237nm The peak width of textured grains in the growth direction (1 1 1) was very narrow, which indicates a high degree of crystallinity [9-11].
For the AlTiN multilayer coatings with different layer thickness the peaks of (1 1 1) plane showed different relative intensities, which indicates a variation in the number oriented grains (Table 2).
When the coating layer thickness was increased, a decrease in grain size and improvement in structure lattices were observed.

Grain size and morphology were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
The obtained XRD data was compared with the standard ICCD, card number 00-025-0549.
Dislocation density is the total number of dislocations per unit volume of crystalline material Dislocation density is the total number of dislocations per unit volume of crystalline material.
The grains are tiny but in different sizes.
At 5000x magnification, pure MnS grain size was determined to be 0.9 μm with a spherical form.

Ms value increased and Hc decreased as the reduction of average grain sizes.
The decrement of grain size is caused by the increase of the Co content.
The particles were believed to have ample time to be located in the grain boundaries compared to those inside the grains.
Therefore, high volumes of grain boundaries with high number of boundaries atoms existed in Co-Fe nanoparticles microstructure.
Masumura, Grain boundaries in Nanomaterials in: Y.

The deformation introduces a large number of dislocations, and the dislocations are intertwined to form dislocation cells.
The grains are mainly in an elongated state, and recrystallized grains exist around the elongated grains.
Compared with the IPF diagram at strain rate of 0.1s-1, the recrystallization grains around the elongated grains at strain rate of 10s-1 are more numerous and larger in size.
In the early stage of thermal deformation, with Er 7N01 aluminum alloy introduces a large number of dislocations, and the dislocations are intertwined to form dislocation cells.
The initial deformation not only introduces a large number of dislocations, but also introduces storage energy, providing driving force for subsequent dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization.