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C is the active grain density for the diamond segments. vs is the peripheral cutting velocity of the saw blade and ds is the diameter of the saw blade. vw is the workpiece velocity and ap is the blade depth of cut.� It is found that the normal force per grain increases and the specific energy decreases with an increase in the maximum grain depth of cut [2].
The normal force per grain governs the fracture tendency of both the workpiece and the diamond grains.
From Eq. 1, it can be seen that too many grain pull-outs can lead to a sharp decrease in grain density C and a big increase of maximum grain depth of cut, thereby making the diamond grains remaining on the segment surfaces overloading and fracture.
At the same time, a small number of diamonds were broken on the fracture surface (Fig. 3c), clearly showing a strong metallurgical bonding between the metal matrix and the coated diamond.
Fig. 4 shows a SEM picture of a worn segment used for multi-blade sawing, indicating too many grain pull-outs and fracture.

However, microstructure of Al-Li alloys are complex, which consist of a number of equilibrium and metastable phases.
Precipitates are found at the grain boundaries, as shown in Fig. 1(b).
T1 exhibits a strong tendency to nucleate heterogeneously on dislocations and low angle grain boundaries.
(a)Bright field image of T1 phase in matrix (b), (c) Dark field image of T1 phase in Grain boundary of AA2195-T8 [8].
It is notable that the grain size of Regions (7), (8), and (9) is larger than that of Regions (1), (2), and (3).

In the present work, high power DC arc plasma jet chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is used to prepare diamond films with full width half magnitude (FWHM) less than 10 wave numbers at 1332 cm−1 Raman peak.
Fine crystal grain of the forming nucleus surface and the thick column crystal of growing surface are dominant in structure.
Although industrial synthetic CVD diamond film has many outstanding properties, the film has a non-uniform thickness, a non-uniform grain size, randomly oriented crystals, and a high surface roughness.
Fig.10 showed the waviness profile of grain sizes on the polished surface.
It was obvious the sizes of the polished grain on the growing surface were rougher than the values of the forming nucleus surface.

As is shown in Fig.2，the cross-sectional microstructure of TC11 alloy is composed of interconnected equiaxed primary α-grains and lamellar transformed β-grains.
The average α-grain (white part in Fig.2(a)) size is ∼10μm and the average β-lath (dark part in Fig.2(b)) spacing is 1–2 μm.
Clearly, with increases of the pulses number, the increase in hardness becomes slow, indicating that the hardness of the specimen after LSP with three pulses is near the maximum value by LSP with more pulses.
It is well known that the intersection of crystal grains is beneficial to strengthening the alloy's mechanical properties.
Both the number of twin crystal and the dislocation density decreased.

In particular, one of these models, proposed by Jernot et al. [3], is based on a stereological description of the microstructure for different initial grain stacking geometries.
It has proved very successful despite its simple expression, E = E0 [NC(1-p) - (NC-1)(1-p) 2/3], where NC is the mean coordination number, i.e. the average number of neighbours of each grain.
Indeed, these ceramics cannot be considered as a simple stacking of grains, since there are macropores (Fig. 1a).
This is the case for our materials, with a crack always going through macropores by fracturing the walls between pores, and by intergranular fracture at the grain scale (Fig. 1).
However, given that the same materials have been used to measure all properties, the mean coordination number, NC, must be common to all models.

The increase in critical resolved shear strength of the grains due to the precipitates is based on two mechanisms i.e.
The formation kinetics of the precipitates is modelled in terms of a number of discreet small time steps during which new precipitates may nucleate and the existing precipitates grow/dissolve.
(2) where γ is the interfacial energy and mV is the molar volume of aluminium, dQ is the activation energy for diffusion of the solute in the matrix, bk is the Boltzmann constant, h is the Plank constant, ec is the equilibrium solute concentration in the matrix, c is the mean solute concentration in the matrix, which is updated in each time step. oN is the number of the nucleation sites per unit volume estimated equal to the number of solute atoms per unit volume [11].
In this module the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of the grains is calculated during each time step using the predictions of the precipitation kinetics module i.e.
(8) In order to compare with the measured hardness values the total CRSS of the grains is converted to yield strength by applying the factor M and estimated values of grain boundary strengthening [17] and then converted to hardness values using data in Ref. [18].

For storage, it is the highest moisture content that is present in the grain mass that determines to what extent and how fast storage fungi will develop and damage the grain.
PLSR has the desirable property that the precision of the model parameters improves with the increasing number of relevant variables and observations.
Figure 5 illustrates the results from PLSR calibration and prediction for a number of samples of flour and plotting their %MC of rough rice by meter A.
Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds.
Moisture Measurement- Unground Grain and Seeds ASABE S352.2APR

A number of investigations have been conducted on the grain refining of Al-based and Mg-based alloys [1,2].
Mg-based alloys are easily grain refined by Zr addition during casting.
Although many grain refiners for Mg-Al alloys have been reported such as C, Sr, Mn, RE, Ca, AlN, SiC, ZnO [2], grain refining of commercially important Mg-Al alloys has proven to be a scientific and technological challenge.
These factors largely limited the extent of grain refinement that can be obtained.
According to Hall-Patch rule, the tensile strength increases with decreasing grain size.

China awgw1631@163.com Keywords: Electric field aided lateral crystallization; Diffusion; Electromigration effect; Grain coarsening.
The grain of nickel silicide can provide favorable positions (template effect) for nucleation of a-Si.
Si grains coarsen and join to form poly-Si film.
At this moment, Zi* of a Ni atom is negative because Ni atoms are encircled by a large number of electrons.
Heterogeneous nucleation of a-Si on NiSi2 and a higher grain growth rate along electric force line are based on free energy drop.

The microstructural results showed that finer grain size and homogeneous dispersion of CNTs were obtained.
Fig. 1(a) shows that the SEM image of alumina grains dispersed with CNTs after ball milling was carried out.
From the image, it was found out that size of the grain is in the range of 50 to 180µm.
In the case of forged Al6061 alloy, the coarsening of grain was observed as shown in Fig. 2(a2).
In contrast, the 3 vol.% CNT-Al6061 composite displays a large number of small dimples (Fig. 5(a)).