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Effect of powder pretreatment on the wear of ultrafine cemented carbide cutting inserts Jianbing Cheng1,2,a, Siqin Pang1,b, Xibin Wang1,c, Qixun Yu1,d 1Key Laboratory of Fundmental Science for Advanced Machining, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China 2School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China achengjb@th.btbu.edu.cn, bpangsq@bit.edu.cn, ccutting0@bit.edu.cn, dyuqx2003@bit.edu.cn Keywords: Ultrafine cemented carbide; Superalloy; High speed cutting; Tool life; Low pressure sintering Abstract.
The sintering process is one of the important factors affecting the microstructure and properties of cemented carbide.
Among the numerous sintering methods of cemented carbide, low-pressure sintering was preferred by researchers and manufacturers due to its good comprehensive properties [6-8].
Before low-pressure sintering, pretreatment of WC/Co mixed powder is one sintering technology of ultrafine cemented carbide, at present, the effect study of powder pretreatment mainly focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties, but the effect on the wear resistance of cutting inserts was seldom reported.
In general, there are many factors affecting cutting inserts wear, the cutting speed is the most significant factor affecting cutting inserts wear and tool life when the work piece material and cutting insert material as well as insert geometry are selected [10].

Among these polymers, epoxy resin (EP) is distinguished by its superior properties, like robust adhesion, commendable mechanical strength, minimal shrinkage, elevated thermal resistance, and outstanding chemical and solvent resilience.
The flame retardant properties of sepiolite and Al2O3 may work together to create EP.
Epoxy composites based on sepiolite: their thermal degradation properties Table 2.
Epoxy composites based on sepiolite were subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis, and their storage modulus E′ and loss factor tan were plotted in Fig. 7.
Li, “In Situ-Generated Heat-Resistant Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for Remarkably Improving Both Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites,” ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023

A series of experiments of bending, tensile and shear were conducted to compare the property of different kinds of leaves and discuss the effect of the various factors, such as weight, shape and location [5, 6].
Bionic Model for Thin-walled Stiffened Plate A model is needed to satisfy the difference in mechanical properties between vein and ground cells, and to deduce the growth of the veins perfectly.
Tab. 1 Material parameters of the analysis objects Material Elasticity modulus [MPa] Poisson's ratio Density[kg/m3] 2A12 7x104 0.29 In this paper, ABAQUS finite element software was chosen to analyse the mechanical properties of plate models.
Affected by the first order natural frequency, the first obvious vibration amplitude of VGA stiffened plate emerges in 99Hz, a higher frequency than that of traditional reinforced form or unreinforced form.
(a) Excitation frequency from 20 to 250 HZ (b) Excitation frequency from 250 to 800 HZ Fig.5 Frequency response curves for dynamic analysis Conclusion and discussion Mechanical properties of the stiffened plates, including static behavior and dynamic performance, are related to the distribution form of stiffeners.

Properties of alkali-activated slag cements compounded with soluble glasse with a high silicate modulus Ms=2.6 were detailedly studied in this paper, including compressive strength and flexure strength characterictics at the ages of 3,7,28 days and flow values of fresh cement mixtures on a jolting table.
Many studies [2–6] attest to the high strength characteristic and excellent durability of alkali-activated slag cement, and both these properties are comparable with that of ordinary Portland cement.
Properties of alkali-activated slag cements compounded with soluble glasse (Ms=2.6) were detailedly studied in this paper, including properties: compressive strength and flexure strength characterictics at the ages of 3,7,28 days,also flow values on a jolting table.
A quartz sand with a grading factor (Мg= 2.2) was used as fine aggregate.
Preparation of the test specimens and study of standard characteristics of alkali-activated slag cements under study was carried out with the application of the Chinese standard procedures for determination of cement properties as described in the Chinese standard GB 175-2007 and with the application of special methods, for example, mechanical activation of the cement mortar.

Samples properties were evaluated by using standard mechanical and physical testing.
The results show improvement in all mechanical and thermal properties.
The materials used for plastic gears produced by injection molding or by cutting is generally, its properties depend on different factors ex.
The other properties of this fiber are shown in table (2).
Table (2):The physical and mechanical properties of GF.

Adhesion character of the coating system depends on various factors, for example, different in thermal expansion between coating and substrate, substrate fracture toughness, hardness, and diffusion capability etc.[3].
Table 2 Tribological properties.
This may be cuased by lower effect of the CTE mismatch of such system which became more crucial factor affecting film damage at high temperature.
Ma, Mechanical Properties of AlCrTiSiN Coatings Developed by Cathodic Arc for Protection Applications, Solid State Phenomena Vol. 185 (2012) 81-83
[7] Information on http://www.meadinfo.org/2010/03/s45c-jis-mechanical-properties.html

Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa. 1Doctorate Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.
Microstructural evolution at the joint interface after Friction Stir Welding revealed three different zones, namely; the Stir Zone (SZ) or Stir Nugget (SN), refers to the zone previously occupied by the tool pin characterised by recrystallized grains; the Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone (TMAZ) characterised by plastically deformed grain and the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ), which lies closer to the parent material, the material in this zone has experienced a thermal cycle that has modified the microstructure and/or the mechanical properties [3].
Varying the tool shoulder diameter is known to significantly affect the microstructural evolution and the joint integrity [4-5].
However, the study by Elangovan and Balasubramanian [4] was conducted using FSP and that of Zhang et al [5] was conducted on similar joining of aluminium alloys, as such, research study into the effect of shoulder size on dissimilar materials is required due to the difference in their material properties.
Cederqvist and A.P Reynolds: Properties of friction stir welding aluminium lap joints. 2nd International FSW symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden. 26-28 June (2000).

The reason for these properties is that AlN is a covalently bonded material with a hexagonal 2H structures having no free electron in the crystal.
In a previous study, the physical and chemical properties of AlN were discussed in detail, but the machining characters were seldom involved.
The properties of lapping pad and abrasives are the essential factors to ensure the super-smooth surface.
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of lapping system employed in this study Table 1 lists the experimental conditions for lapping of AlN ceramics, and Table 2 lists the mechanical properties of AlN ceramics employed in this study.
The gaps found on finishing surface caused in sintering could not be removed in the machining process, and have adverse influence on the properties of AlN substrate.

In essence, the materials and the heat treatment are the main factors that can affect the size precision and service life of the bearings.
The main factor that can affect the residual austenite content is temperature.
Also there will be other changes of the microstructure, as it been shown to result in significant increases in the mechanic properties, service life, size precision and wear resistance of materials in the past few decades [2,3].
Li, The effect of cryogenie treatment on the mechanical properties of Cr12 steel, J.
Zhang, Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of Cr12MoV steel, Heat Treat.

These parameters are known to be governed by several factors namely: cement ratio, aggregate type, density, moisture content, and porosity which are all affected when concrete elements are exposed to heat.
The results of the above NDT tests were compared after being converted into damage factors [46].
Barai, Thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and its constituents at elevated temperatures: A review, Constr.
Zhou, A review of mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete at elevated temperatures, Cem Concr Res. 135 (2020) 106117
Alyaseri, Effects of elevated temperatures on mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete elements, Constr.