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The bigger area it is, the higher energy the materials in failure absorbed.
Thus the toughness index R is usually defined as the area of the material’s stress-strain curve in engineering [4].
The higher toughness index represents more remarkable effects of toughness reinforced by fiber and also means the materials could absorb more energy in failure.
Acknowledgements This research reported in this paper is part of the Project 50878141 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
(In Chinese) [2] Tingyi Zhang, Danying Gao: Concrete, Vol. 7 (2009), p.58-63 (In Chinese) [3] P.S.Song, S.Hwang, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.18 (2004), p.669-673 [4] Yongsheng Liu, Xiaojun Wang, Jin Ting, Jun Lao: Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, Vol. 37 (2007), p.717-723 (In Chinese) [5] Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China: Code for Design of Concrete Structure GB50010-2002, China Architecture Industry Press, Beijing 2006 (In Chinese) [6] Chunlai Wang, Bigen Xu, ZheLin Li, Haiyan Tang: Rock and Soil Mechanics, Vol. 27 (2006), p. 151-154 (In Chinese) [7] Yunliang Xue, Zhelin Li, Feng Lin: Hongbin Xu, Rock and Soil Mechanics, Vol.30 (2009), p. 1987-1992, 1999 (In Chinese) [8] Yuli Dong, Heping Xie, Shiping Li: Engineering Mechanics, Vol.13 (1996), p.44-52 (In Chinese)

This technique involves physics, magnetic, ferromagnetic science, metal materials, plastic mechanics, fracture mechanics, signals and systems analysis and other disciplines.
Under the action of the external load and the geomagnetic field, the stress concentration areas of ferromagnetic materials will occur magnetic domain’s directional and irreversible re-orientation with the magnetostrictive nature, emerging on the surface of the ferromagnetic materials in the form of The leakage magnetic field.
According to the classical electromagnetic theory, he reckoned that the iron magnetic material in the spontaneous magnetization of the magnetic field derived from the material strain caused by the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the spontaneous magnetization of ferromagnetic materials from non-symmetric elastic - plastic strain; and ferromagnetic swing, vibration, periodic back and forth, translation and rotation in the earth magnetic field will give rise to spontaneous magnetization within the component, depending on the degree of magnetization - demagnetization cycle times.
References [1] Dubov A A.A study of metal properties using the method of magnetic memory[J].Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 1997, 39(9-10):401-402
[8] Wen Weigang,Sa Shuli.The achievement and mechanism of Metal magnetic memory testing[J].JOURNAL OF NORTHERN IIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 2002, 26(4): 67-70

Kjos 1,a , Geir Martin Haarberg1,b and Ana Maria Martinez2,c 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands vei 12, 7491 Trondheim (Norway) 2 SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Saelands vei 12, 7465 Trondheim (Norway) a ole.kjos@material.ntnu.no, bgeir.m.haarberg@material.ntnu.no, canamaria.martinez@sintef.no Keywords: titanium oxycarbide, anodes, voltammetry, molten chlorides, molten fluorides, electrolysis, liquid cathode.
The oxycarbide process [3-6] might be an alternative way to make titanium with cheaper raw materials, and a continuous electrodeposition process.
In the pure NaCl-KCl melt titanium was produced in the form of a very fine powder that did not adhere properly to any of the cathode materials used.
However at these conditions the use of Zn as a liquid cathode material is challenging.
Polyakov, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 359, p244-255, (2003) [8] K.

Introduction The research on aluminum alloy materials for drilling and production pipes began in the 1960s.
Experimental Materials and Procedures The experimental material was Al-Cu-Mg alloy extruded pipe with an outer diameter of 152mm and a wall thickness of 16mm.
Magnusen, The cyclic fatigue and final fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 2524, Materials and Design, 2002, 23: 129-139
Leonardo, Fatigue crack growth analysis of pre-strained 7475–T7351 aluminum alloy, International Journal of Fatigue,2006,28: 934–942
[14] Zhiyi Liu, Song Bai, Xuanwei Zhou, Yanxia Gu, On strain-induced dissolution of θ ' and θ particles in Al–Cu binary alloy during equal channel angular pressing, Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, 528:2217–2222

Effect of Oxygen on Phase Evolution in Al-Y2O3 Nanocomposites by Mechanical Alloying Tatsuaki Sakamoto1,a*, Yusuke Jinno2,a and Takebe Hiromichi1,b 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan 2Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan asakamoto.tatsuaki.mm@ehime-u.ac.jp, btakebe.hiromichi.mk@ehime-u.ac.jp Keywords: aluminum alloy, powder metallurgy, mechanical alloying, precipitation Abstract.
Sahin, Metals and Materials International, 27 (2021) 1662-1670
Anaee, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26 (2014) 4469-4474
Kum, Metals and Materials, 2 (1996) 15-21
Sánchez, Materials, 17 (2024) 4818.

The result is also known as multi material design (MMD).
If inserts are introduced during the subpreform assembly, sealing materials can be applied to the inserts at the same time.
To determine the materials that are worth considering for this case, several concepts have been examined experimentally in order to obtain information about their sealing capacities.
Hence, this technique can only be applied for glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP) materials since they are capable of transferring light.
Nardari, Metal inserts in structural composite materials manufactured by RTM, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Toulouse (1998) 693-700

TABLE 2 Relations between the material removal and the magnetic field intensity No.
The experimental results are show in Table.3, which appear that the compound magnetic polishing process can improve the polishing efficiency of different polished material whether it is magnetic material or not.
TABLE 3 Relations between the material Magnetism and the magnetic field intensity Material DC current （A） Material removal with normal abrasive（g） Material removal with mixed magnetic abrasive（g） 45# 50 0.085 0.107 2Cr13 50 0.075 0.084 0Cr18Ni9Ti 50 0.116 0.121 Conclusions and Future works According to the study and the experiments above, it is shown that the optimal polishing path compensation method can compensate the deformation and the abrasion of the soft polishing tool, and make the polishing process more smoothly.
No. 41(2006), p.415 [3] Avery Roswell, Fengfeng (Jeff) Xi, and Guangjun Liu: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, No. 46(2006), p.424 [4] M.
Tsai, Jou-Lung Chang, and Jian-Feng Haung: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol.2, No. 4(2005), p.393 [6] Han,Guangchao, Sun Ming, Zhang,Haiou et al: Key Engineering Materials, No. 373-374(2008), p.770 [7] Guangchao Han, Ming Sun: 2009 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Changchun(2009), p.1551

As shaft surface soil depth increases, the materials of shaft lining develops from plain concrete to super reinforced concrete, from single steel plate to double steel plate.
However, the materials cannot bear the pressure.
Design of shaft lining structure model testing In the model testing, we use the original shaft lining materials, which are super strength steel fiber concrete and steel plate applied in actual constructions, which gives complete stress-strain curve of strength similarity and loading.
Since the shaft lining model and prototype keep geometrical similarity before and after the loading deformation and adopt the same materials, and then the above similarity conditions may be rewritten as follows: , (1) Among, is strength similarity Constant.
[5] Lin Xiaosong and Yang GuoLin: High Strength and Super Strength Steel Fiber Concrete (Science Press, Bei Jing 2002)

It included capillary materials, pressure-relief throttle valve, vapor inlet pipes, inner layers, layered reservoirs, outlet pipes, diffuser and outer layers etc.
Capillary material was installed in the layered reservoir.
Adiabatic material, 9.
Acknowledgements This project was financially supported by the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2012M521814), The National Innovation Funds for Small and Medium Enterprises (11C26216206230, 13C26216205880) and Gansu Natural Science Foundation (212263).
Rade, “Thermal design and analysis of the Mars exploration Rover surface impact airbags,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 44, No. 2, March–April 2007

Materials and Methods The EMG signals are collected from the RF, BF, GM, GL, and GMS muscles of the right leg during running for 400-meters with three strategies.
The Journal of physiology, 586 (2008), pp.11-23
Journal of Sports Sciences, 16(1998), pp.91-99
Journal of biomechanics, 43(2010), pp.1573-1579
Journal of human kinetics, 36(2013), pp.149-160