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In prior work [4], a propped fracture induces mechanical stresses in the surrounding rock causing a reduction in the stress contrast and stress re-orientation around the open fracture.
Initially, the hydraulic fracture has a large width, but the main hydraulic fracture closed gradually over time due to leak-off into the created fracture network and the matrix, which causes a reduction in the extent of the stress shadow.
The field data [3] can prove this.
(5) Time Dependent Stress Shadow Table 1.The initial fracture width data Poisson ratio 0.2 F coefficient 1.425 Young's modulus 20 [Gpa] Fluid viscosity 80 [mpa.s] Half fracture height Initial fracture width(Pump rate 10 m3/min) Initial fracture width(Pump rate 8 m3/min) 15 [m] 0.025[m] 0.02 [m] To model these planar fractures, we have first used a simple planar crack model from Sneddon[8] and Warpinski[9].
The equations used to model the fractures are as follows: (6) (7) Z h w X Fig. 1 Cartesian coordinates of induced stress for 2-D vertical fracture The maximum width open under homogeneous pressure is given by for the case of a penny shaped fracture [10], (8) Combining Eq. 6 and 8 we can obtain the function of the net effective pressure inside the fracture as, (9) Combining Eq. 6 and 9, the following formula can be get, (10) In a similar way, (11) Summary To illustrate the above model, some field data will be given in this part, the effect

Some data about the application of such methods for remediation of contaminated soils in two uranium deposits in Bulgaria are shown in this paper.
Data about the chemical composition and some essential geotechnical parameters of the soil are shown in Table 1.
Data about some essential parameters of the soil are shown in Table 1.
The data from Table 3 revealed that the toxicity of this soil was due not only to the radionuclides and heavy metals but also to the high acidity, which was further increased during the treatment.
Furthermore, the reduction of U 6+ decreases when sulphate-reducing bacteria not able to carry out an enzymatic reduction of this ion are dominant over the iron-reducing bacteria [22, 23].

The reduction in use of oil-based CLFs is most ecologically important task of machining processes.
This results in reduction of friction providing small initial contact surface.
Wieczorowski, Spiral sampling as a fast way of data acquisition in surface topography, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 41 (2001) 2017–2022

The improvement of the utilization rate of vehicles and the reduction of the dispatching cost can be realized by solving this problem effectively.
The basic data are 8 nodes and 3 kinds of goods.
Inventory Routing: Reduction from an Annual to a Short-period Problem, Naval Research Logistics, 1987, 34(6):891~905

Gel was dried, ground, and exposed to carbonthermal reduction heat treatment (1500°C, 2h, flowing 95%argon mix with 5% hydrogen) to prepare ZrB2 nano-powders.
Then obtain ZrB2 powders through carbothermal reduction.
Then synthesize ZrB2 nano-particles via carbothermal reduction.
Diffraction peaks of the crystalline phase were compared with the standard compounds reported in the JCPDS Data Files.
Moreover, as Eq. 3 shows, the idealized normal molar ratio of B/Zr to produce ZrB2 by carbothermal reduction is 2.0.

The results showed that the absorbed dose (3.1 kGy, 4.7 kGy, 9.4 kGy and 27.4 kGy) plays an important role in the size distribution of AgNPs and the reduction degree of GO nanosheetes.
As the reduction is the mainly helpful process for the formation of AgNPs, the oxidizing OH∙ radicals should be scavenged, which can be done efficiently by adding isopropanol alcohol (Eq. 5)
Sample Dose rate [Gy/min] Time [h] Absorbed dose [kGy] Average size of AgNPs [nm] 1 26 2 3.1 5.3 2 39 2 4.7 6.2 3 78 2 9.4 7.5 4 228 2 27.4 15.1 The reduction degree of GO nanosheets during the compositing under gamma irradiation is revealed by XPS data.
The size distribution of AgNPs and reduction degree of GO is found to be dependent on the absorbed dose.
Sun, High-quality reduced graphene oxide-nanocrystalline platinum hybrid materials prepared by simultaneous co-reduction of graphene oxide and chloroplatinic acid, Nanoscale Res.

A significant reduction in power consumption is possible via this control strategy.
One interesting European research program which focuses on cost reductions as well as improving the aerodynamic performance is SARISTU http://www.saristu.eu .
New functions like drag reduction, shape optimization and noise reduction are addressed through hybrid electroactive morphing.
The required heating power needed to maintain the displacement at lower temperature is evaluated at 20% to 30% reduction.
The next step is to post-process all the recorded data during wind-tunnel experiments.

It is found that all assemblies showed signs of corrosion and reduction of magnetic attractive force after immersed in acid solutions with a pH of 3.8 and 5.8 for 7 and 14 days.
This measurement was carried out 10 times for each specimen, then the data was averaged.
The reduction in the magnetic force continues to increase with increasing immersion time.
The reduction of magnetic forces after immersion in acid solution was in line with the results obtained in the metal ion dissolution test (AAS) as shown in Table 1.
The lower the pH of the acid solution and the longer the immersion time, the more visible the corrosion, the greater the reduction in magnetic attraction and the dissolution of Fe ions.

The reduction of the glass transition temperature Tg revealed the achieved interaction among PANFs and the resin matrix.
Reduction in flexural strength was instead observed due to the presence of high porosity.
Molecular mobility reduction can lead to an increase of matrix performances, but molecular mobility is very important during manufacturing as well.
The most evident effect for I-PANF/CFR laminate is the increase of the storage modulus before the transition range and the reduction of the loss factor peak.
The obtained data confirmed that the interaction between PANF and prepreg resin has been achieved even if some negative aspects are measured.

The optimization aims to minimize the number of passes required to achieve a given reduction while maintaining a safe value of the drawing stress in each step.
Regarding the cross-section reductions, Celano et al. proposed an automatic procedure for the optimal pass schedule design of cold wire drawing operations [2].
This fact implies a decreasing diameter reduction through the operation due to strain-hardening and, consequently, also implies increasing values of the aspect ratio Δ=dLc.
Another disadvantage of the GA in this application is that yields different results with the same input data, and runs of the optimization model with a larger number of passes than the IPA were found even for the aluminium.
The diameter reductions considered are very demanding, and if the strain after the first pass is above n, it seems reasonable that the limiting value is the one associated to the tensile strength.