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Moreover, ceramics have often been used in the thermal structures such as automobile engines and turbines which generate thermal stress in material due to the temperature variety.
Nuclear Material, Vol.258(263) (1998), pp.214-218
Materials Science, Vol.32 (1997), pp.921-930
Lee: KSME International Journal, Vol.9(1) (1995), pp.1-7
Kwon: J of Japan Soc. for Strength and Fracture of Materials, Vol.30(1996), pp.91-104

Ghavipanjeh 1,d 1 Materials And Energy Research Center, Karaj, Tehran, Iran 2 University of Shahid Bahonar, Kerman, Iran mpazouki@merc.ac.ir; m.ranjbar@web.de; raoofsmh@yahoo.com; f.ghavipanjeh@merc.ac.ir Keywords: Kaolin, Bioleaching, Aspergillus niger, Organic acid Abstract.
Materials and methods Kaolin Sample.
Pulp densities were 20 g/l (full dots) and 60 g/l (empty dots), and the clay was added at the first (square dots) and third day (triangle dots) Acknowledgment This research work is financially supported by grants from Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF), under contract number 84.5374.
Gibbs: Bioleaching of heavy metals from a low-grade mining ore using A. niger, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 110, p. 77-84 (2004).

Thus results in larger calculation error with the magnetic circuit method to calculate electromagnetic force. 2) The iron core material nonlinear However, in practice iron core material is non-linear [5]. 0 5 10 15 1 2 3 4 linear nonlinear F（N） I（A） Fig. 6 F-I curve when linear and nonlinear iron core material B-H characteristics of the iron core material are set both nonlinear and linear in ANSYS software and remain other conditions unchanged, then calculate the electromagnetic force with ANSYS.
In summary, the primary causes of the error with magnetic circuit method to calculate electromagnetic force are following: ① Non-uniform distribution of magnetic field; ② Iron core material nonlinear; ③ Magnetic flux leakage.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants on “Study on Energy Loss Mechanism of Magnetic Suspended Flywheel Battery” (No. 51147004) and “Basic Theoretical Research on Hybrid Magnetic Bearings for Direct Drive Wind Turbine Spindle” (No. 51175390).
Journal of Hubei University of Technology, 22(4), pp. 14-17, 2007.
[5] Zhao Han, Wang Yong, Li Lu, “Effect of Material Permeability Character on the Field Calculation of Iron Core Circuit,” [A].J Magn Mater Devices, 36(6), pp. 24-26, 2005.

Robot Fish with Novel Wire-Driven Continuum Flapping Propulsor Zheng Li1, a, Ruxu Du2,b , Yi Zhang3,c and Hua Li4,d 1,2 the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 3Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 4Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China azli@mae.cuhk.edu.hk, brdu@mae.cuhk.edu.hk, czyi82@126.com, dhua.li@siat.ac.cn Keywords: Robot Fish; Wire-Driven Mechanism; Under Actuation; Biomimetic Abstract.
The third one is using smart materials, such as Shape Memory Alloy [3], Iron Polymer Metal Composite [4], etc.
The shape of these materials could be controlled by temperature or voltage.
However, the energy conversion rate of these materials is much less than motors.
Lighthill, “Note on the swimming of slender fish”, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 9, part 2, 1960, pp. 305-317

Alloys based on palladium are used as the membrane material.
In the study of functional materials it is very important to know the physical nature of the stability of structural-phase states, regularity in the formation and change of properties, but all the researchers begin with diagrams of state of potentially interesting metal systems [4,5].
Russian Physics Journal. 54 (2012) 1012-1023
Russian Physics Journal. 42 (1999) 624-630
Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. 75 (2011) 1099-1102.

Poesio P and Ooms G, “Formation and ultrasonic removal of fouling particle structures in a natural porous material,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,Italy, vol.45, pp. 159-178, November 2004
He Ning, GAO Song and WANG Jie, “Modulation Method of Cascaded Multilevel Distributed Switching Power” Journal of Xi’an Technological University,China, vol.28, pp. 552-556, 2008.

The key points of the technology are based on acoustic parameters changes and structural internal physical parameters and status changes with good correlation to test the ultrasonic travel time on the monitor profile, and then to inverse test profiles the distribution of ultrasonic wave velocity by using the appropriate algorithm , and finally to determine the distribution of various defects according to the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and material testing profiles.
Journal of Hunan University (NaturalSciences) 2006,33(5)
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2006,28(3)
Measurement Science & Technology 2001;12:1120–5

In order to analysis the feasibility of cancelling setting invert, 3 kinds of models are set as following: Model 1: ordinary flat-bottom tunnel model Model 2: inverted tunnel model Model 3: flat-bottomed tunnel (Grouting bolts bellow the tunnel and pouring C25 concrete on the bottom tunnel where digs out 20cm-thickness original rock) Surrounding rock uses HowkBrown models, and the remaining material uses a linear elastic constitutive relation.
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1996, 18 (1): 43 – 461.In Chinese
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2007, 44( 4) ：550-564.

It can detect the properties of the object without destroying the utilization effect of the material.
Xu: Current Situation of Research on the Non-destructive Testing Technique for Wood Defects, Forestry Science and Technology Vol. 27, No. 3 (2002), p. 35-38
TenWolde: Stress Wave Nondestructive Evaluation of Wetwood, Forest Products Journal Vol. 44, No. 7/8 (1994), p. 79-83
Bodenheimer: Stress-wave Analysis of Douglas-Fir Logs for Veneer Properties, Forest Products Journal Vol. 50, No. 4 (2000), p. 49-52.

Introduction Solid superacid is a kind of new-type catalyst material, it has shown better applicability in many organic catalysis, such as esterification, acylation, alkylation, isomerization, and so on [1, 2].
[4] Lian Ping, Yang Yanchao．Preparation and characterization for rare earth solid superacids Gd3+-SO42-/ZrO2 catalyst [J]．Journal of Gannan Normal University, 2005, (3):50-51
[5] Shen Xiangzhong, Xie Shanmei, Hu Ting．Research of rare earth solid superacids nanometer SO42-/TiO2/La the preparation and catalytic synthesis of allantoin [J]．Journal of Hunan Institute of Humanities; Science and Technology, 2008, (2):22-26