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The value for the surface chloride concentration was identified from field data gathered on 321 bridge decks across the US [9].
A lognormal distribution was found to be a good fit to the simulated data with a mean of 8.9 years and standard deviation of 5.25 years.
Fig. 1 shows the reduction in the mean reinforcing steel cross section for the columns.
The abutment-backfill soil interaction is modelled following the recommendations by Shamsabadi et al. [16] whose modelling approach has been validated using experimental data on the lateral response of typical abutment systems.
Journal of Structural Engineering, 4 (2002) 526-533 [27] USGS, Hazards: Seismic Hazard Maps and Data.

According to the data offered by the Architecture and Building Institute, Ministry of The Interior in Taiwan, the amount of CO2 emissions in related construction industries occupies 30% of the total emissions for the entire country.
In these years, carbon reduction and green living are valued more and more.
Selection Indexes of Impacting Green Building Materials Sustainable Development Quality of Building Materials Design Consideration Selling Strategies Carbon Reduction Consideration Environmental Consideration Health Consideration Mandatory Provision Get Domestic Certification Get International Certification Pass the Laboratory Detection Data Used in Actual Cases Shape Texture Style Green Building Technology Selling Target Selling Price Company Brand Market Demand Fig. 1.
Next, having the function of carbon reduction (C1), passing the library test(C7), and having any benefit on selling price(C13) must be considered.
While considering the market requirement (C14), they will check the data (C8) used in practical cases and get the international certificate(C5), use the green building technology(C11) and mandatory provision (C4) as the premise of the design.

The reduction of GO and the various reduction procedures produce diverse properties, which influence the final performance of materials or devices made of rGO.
Over the range of 200 nm to 900 nm, data was collected at 0.5 nm intervals with an average time of 0.1seconds.
Fig.13 and Table 10 show the thermogravimetric data.
Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon, 50 (2012) 3210–3228
Tammeveski, An Oxygen Reduction Study of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials of Different Origin, Catalysts. 6 (2015) 108

And the traditional filtering noise reduction method is difficult to extract it out.
So the second noise reduction is necessary after the singular value decomposition.
A basic component to satisfy two conditions: ① In the whole data sequence, the number of extreme value point equals the number of passing zero, most differ are not more than one; ② On at any point, the signal of local maximum and local minimum envelope of the definition of the mean is zero.
SVD-based optimal filtering for noise reduction in dual microphone hearing aids: a real time implementation and perceptual evaluation[J].
The noise reduction method based on singular spectrum and its application in fault diagnosis technology[J].

Cyclic voltammetry was performed to obtain the electrochemical potential values for reduction and oxidation of the metal.
SCE is related to the reduction and dissolution of metals.
The peak of copper reduction is observed at -270 mV vs.
A suitable criterion for understanding these two cases of nucleation kinetics consists of indicating the experimental data in a non-dimensional (i / imax)2 vs (t / tmax) diagram and comparing them with the theoretical parts resulting from the equations. (3) and (4).
Since the initial part of the diagram transient (current-time) deviates from the Cottrell equation due to nucleation processes, linearization can be performed only after the reduction reactions are restricted by diffusion dish; That is, beyond the peak stage of the chronoamperograms.

Some of samples were cold rolled to obtain a 2.0mm thickness sheet (a total reduction of 85%).
From the pole figure data obtained, the orientation distribution function (ODF) was computed using the formulation of Bunge [2].
Fig. 4 shows φ2=0° section and φ2=45° section of the ODFs for Ti-26Nb-1.0Si alloy with cold rolling reduction of 85%.
Fig. 5 shows φ2=0° section and φ2=45° section of the ODFs for Ti-26Nb-1.0Si alloy heat-treated at 1023K for 2.4ks with cold rolling reduction of 85%.
Orientation distribution functions for Ti-26Nb-1.0Si alloy with cold rolling reductions of 85%.

This reduction is caused by the manufacturing process, which results in an uneven distribution of fibres across the cross section and often undesirable corrugations, as well as in the deflection of the applied force away from the longitudinal axis of the reinforcement.
The result is a significant reduction in tensile strength [1].
Despite the significant reduction in load capacity, the use of bent FRP reinforcement is justified, as it complements the range of non-metallic composite reinforcements and allows for the complex reinforcement of structural details and complex cross-sectional shapes.
For the slab variant with longitudinal FRP reinforcement, there was a reduction of the punching capacity of up to about 50% compared to reinforced concrete.
Acknowledgements Data for the results presented were obtained with financial support from the funds of the specific research FAST–S–21–7503 "Use of indirect FRP reinforcements in the design of selected details of point-supported ceiling structure" and project TH04020431 "Extension of application area of FRP reinforcement in concrete structures".

The factory owners of building materials can file the application and supply test data with TAF certification, proofs of production, ingredient and quality control, and registration document of its legality.
The recycled GBMs meet the demand of CO2 Emission Reduction and Waste Reduction Indicators.
Table 1 Relationship between Taiwan’s Green Building Evaluation and Green Building Material Application Green Building Rating System EEWH Green Building Material Labeling System Category Evaluation Indicators Applications Ecology Bio-diversity Greenery Soil Water Content (Water infiltration and retention) -- -- High-performance GBM (permeability), Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM Energy Saving Energy conservation High-performance GBM (energy saving) Waste Reduction CO2 emission reduction Construction waste reduction Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM Health Indoor environment Water conservation Sewage and garbage improvement Healthy GBM, Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM, High-performance GBM (sound insulation) High-performance GBM -- From the perspective of the “Architecture Doctor (AD)” concept, now researchers and experts would diagnose causes of IEQ problems and prescribe recipes, for instance, strategies of green building and green building material

Data obtained from HTTM were displacement and load which corresponding to the 0.2% offset yield strength as well as tensile strength of each tested sample.
The reduction in area as ductility was measured around failed cross section of sample.
Fig. 5(c) indicates the percent reduction of area vs tested temperature of welded samples.
The results show that when the tested temperature increases, the percent of reduction area (%RA), which represents ductility of material, is also higher, except ER90S-B9 welded sample at 650°C which is significantly decreased.
This result corresponds to the lower percent reduction of area which shows brittle characteristic.

Analysis data showed the current conventional water treatment process has severe shortcomings for treating water suddenly polluted by algae, ammonium and organic matter.
The removal rate of organic matter in the conventional water treatment process is limited to 20%~30%, and there is nearly no reduction when the concentration of the OM is around trace degree [1].
Combination of O3 and UV with H2O2 was found to result in more TOC and UV254 reduction than the individual processes.
The O3/UV process was found to be the most effective AOP for OM reduction, with TOC and UV254 reduced by 31 and 88%, respectively.
AOPs may find better application in combination with other treatments, thus enhancing their efficiency for OM removal, for example, the combination of AOP and BAC treatment has been suggested to offer a more viable option for the reduction of harmful DBPs than the AOP alone.