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It was found that to obtain a high uniform shear strain and ultrafine grain structure through the sheet thickness during differential speed rolling of aluminum alloys is necessary: 1) very high contact friction; 2) high thickness reduction per pass (no less than 50%); 3) rolls speed ratio should be equal to thickness reduction per pass.
Although many experimental studies have been done, but there are no numerical data on the effect of the rolling routes on the shear strain and effective strain.
The sheet was reduced from 2.0 to 0.5 mm in thickness by two passes with 50% thickness reduction in each pass.
HRDSR with deformation route UD provides the highest effective strain (3.2) when the rolls velocity ratio is equal to thickness reduction per pass.
For a given thickness reduction, the effective strain is proportional to shear strains because the normal strains are the same.

Data reduction and results According to the measured data, the energy balance between the tube side and annulus are generally within 1%, only those data that satisfy the above criteria are taken into consideration in the final data reduction.
(3) The experimental data consist of the smooth tube and the tube with five different porosity Φ twined coil inserts.

Creep was found to contribute to life reduction in in-phase tests when the peak temperature of cycling was above 600 °C.
Statistical Thermal Fatigue Creep Modeling of Stainless Steel Materials The elevated-temperature tensile, creep and rupture test data on stainless steel materials were being collected by a number of organizations and researchers [e.g. 6, 7].
Baced on these test data, statistical thermal fatigue creep modelling can be conducted to predict the falure life of stainless steel materials.
The cyclic material data are normally not enough, thus Manson’s universal slopes equation [8] can be used as an empirical correlation which relates fatigue endurance to tensile properties
The correlation can be achieved by comparing fracture data from tests against the prediction obtained using the model estimated based on materials test data and simplifying assumptions.

Each subroutine calls and data transfer realized in main module 0B1, 0B35 is interrupt service module, FB1 is fuzzy controller, whose child program blocks compose by FC6-FC9.
FC6 main job is to read the value of the temperature sensor and storage to data area, deposited in quantification factors ke, kec, ku in the DB5.
Fig. 3 Fuzzy control flow chart Fig. 4 Fuzzy PID control program flow chart The main loop self-inspection program blocks 0B1 run after PLC current and automatic check power, which realize to the function and function blocks calls and signal and data transfer [7].
KP, ki, kd assigned to the data block DB11 respectively, DB12, DB13 according to go up to fall, right to left.
KP, ki, kd data each have 169, which in turn for DBW0, DBW2,......

The rolling reduction ratio in thickness was 50 % and 0 % respectively for the first pair’s rollers and the second pair’s rollers. 5052Al was used as the work-piece material and was hypothesized as a plastic body.
Fig.3 Stress-strain curve of the 5052 Al alloy used in the finite element simulation Table 1 lists the geometry, materials and simulation data for the simulation.
Table 1 Data for the numerical simulation.
Geometry data Central distance of each pair rollers, (mm) Initial work-piece thickness, (mm) Initial work-piece width, (mm) Rolling reduction ratios Bending channel thickness, (mm) Output channel height, (mm) Die channel angle, (°) Die outer corner angle, (°) Die inner arc radium, (mm) Die outer arc radium, (mm) 80 4 10 50 % (first pairs rollers), 0 % (second pairs rollers) 2 2 99 228 8 10 Materials data Young’s modulus, (GPa) Poisson’s ratio, Thermal expansion, (˚C-1) Thermal conductivity, (N·s-1·˚C-1) Heat capacity, (N·mm-2·˚C-1) Emissivity, Work-piece (5052Al) 68.9 0.33 2.2E-5 180.2 2.433 0.7 Roller and others (H13) 206 0.3 1.4E-5 32 3.588 0.5 Simulation data Roller angular velocity, (rad/s) Time step, (s) Initial temperature, (°C) Environmental temperature, (°C) Friction factor, Mode A: 0.073(TR1)/0.1(BR1)/0.1(TR2)/0.1(BR2) Mode B: 0.1(TR1)/0.1(BR1)/0.1(TR2)/0.1(BR2) Mode C: 0.137(TR1)/0.1(BR1)/0.1(TR2)

The changes in vibration parameters were identified together with the reduction of flow area due to increasing blockage size.
These particles will gradually build up around the inner pipe perimeter resulting in reduction of flow area.
The sensors were connected to data acquisition system (PC Oscilloscope) to generate the output.

The total reduction of two-step forging was up to 65%.
Forging was conducted by a press of 100 ton in capacity at a rate of 10 cm s-1 with reductions of 30% and 60%, respectively in height.
A thermocouple connected to an electronic data acquisition system was used to record the temperature history.

The entry data for horn geometry determination were the dimensions and own frequency of transducer subassembly, joining ultrasonic horn.
Preliminary Dimensioning of Usual Cylindrical Stepped Horn A preliminary dimensioning was carried on for usual cylindrical stepped horn, standing as entry data for FEM modelling of complex profiled horn, integrating the tool to be axially vibrated during micro-drilling by EDM+US.
supply and cooling flange PZT rings reflecting bush radiant bush Fig. 2. 40 kHz Transducer made by IMSAR The transducer assembly provided by the Institute of Solid Mechanics of the Romanian Academy - IMSAR (Fig. 2) has the own series frequency fotr= 40805 Hz – entry data for this application type [10].
Increase of taper angle at 6o can compensate somehow these reductions, i.e.
Only fine adjustments of step lengths by their reduction were executed for resonance.

The final data show that microwave processing has unique advantages over conventional heating processes.
Ag nanoparticles can be synthesized using various methods: laser irradiation [8], sonochemical deposition [9,10], photochemical reduction [11,12], chemical reduction of metal salts [13], electrochemical [14], γ-radiation [15] photochemical [16], etc.
Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate in EG involving PVP within 60 seconds.

Fig.2 Division of bifurcation bank to control camber The grey system theory, in order to random data sequence is weakened; utilization of the useful information in the sequence of rate, method can be used to accumulate data processing.
On the expression of type derivation after reduction model, i.e.: （13） “y” is calculated by the model after the reduction of the acoustic emission parameters of sequence values.
It should be pointed out that, for the cumulative AE parameters, because it has a monotonically increasing rules, it can directly use the original sequence data (12), and the mutation analysis, no longer needs to grey accumulation process.
Conclusions In summary, the catastrophe theory is a powerful tool to study the discontinuous phenomenon, provides an effective method for the treatment of grey theory grey data.
Agreement between numerical results and simulation data illustrate this point.