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By modifying the microstructures of surface, people can transform materials’ physical, chemical and optic properties[1].
Workpiece material is 2A12 aluminium alloy.
Acknowledgments This research is supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of High-end CNC Machine Tools and Basic Manufacturing Equipment of China (Project nos.: 2011ZX04004-021).
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009(209) 4802-4808.

Citation & Copyright (to be inserted by the publisher ) Improvements in the reverse characteristics of 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes by hydrogen treatments Dae Hwan Kim 1, Hoon Joo Na 1, Sang Young Jung 1, In Bok Song 1, Myung Yoon Um 1, Ho Keun Song 1, Jae Kyeong Jeong 1, Jae Bin Lee 2 and Hyeong Joon Kim 1 1 School of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea 2Sangshin elecom Co.
Introduction Superior material properties make silicon carbide (SiC) a very promising candidate for high-power and high frequency devices [1].
(a) Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 In the case of C2 =0, where the Dit is ∞, the Fermi level at the interface is pinned by the surface state at the value φo above the valence band.
Sochacki et al: Diamond and Related Materials, Vol.11 (2002), p. 1263 [9] Q.

Cutting forces of every element at flank edge can be expressed as[9]: (1) Where is the shear yield strength of cutting material; is the instantaneous uncut chip thickness; slant angle of cutting speed is denoted as ; is the angle between x-axis and projection of F vector at normal plane; is the angle between F vector and the normal plane; is the angle between shear velocity and vector normal to cutting edge at normal plane; is the angle between xy plane and F vector.
Material model behavior is defined according to specific parameters as follows, carbide material, density: 14.8e-6kg/mm3, Young modulus: 600Gpa, Poisson ratio: 0.33.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 50975053 and 51175096).
[3] M.Cemal CAKIR,Yahya ISIK: Finite element analysis of cutting tools prior to fracture in hard turning operations[J].Materials & Design, Vol. 26(2005), p.105-112
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 57(2011), p.859-870

In the Tenth Five-Year Period, the coal grew 80.0% in Yangtze River, metallic ore 139.2%, ore construction material 88.9%, cement 183.5%, nonmetallic ore 73.8% and so on.
Wuhan Shanghai iron ore：516 Huangshi Chizhou Nantong Coal：161 Coal：65 Tongling Nonmetallic ore：155 Ore construction material：391 Wuhu Ore construction material：434 Anqin Ore construction material：203 Figure1 Typical ship rout cargo flow of this leg in 2010 Figure 1 shows the typical ship rout cargo flow of this leg in 2010.The ship types are in table 1: Table1 Ship types Method choice Type of ships Cargo capacity B.H.P 1 4000powerboat 4000 880 2 5000powerboat 5000 1324 3 6000 powerboat 5350~6300 1324 4 7000 powerboat 7000 1600 5 （1942kw+9*1500t）push boat team 135000 1942 6 （1942kw+6*3000t）push boat team 18000 1942 7 （1942kw+9*2000t）push boat team 18000 1942 8 （1942kw+16*1000t）push boat team 16000 1942 Find out the corresponding factors that affect the level of evaluation objects through the systematic analysis on evaluation objects.
Then, sort them on the basis of referring to related material and experts’ opinions.
China Railway Science.2006.03
Journal of Liaodong University. 2006.02

Coupled Heat Transfer Analysis of Interlayer Active Cooling Barrel of Large Caliber Gun Based on CFX PENG Songjiang1, a, WANG Xiaohui2,b and YU Cungui3,c 1No. 713 Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, Zhengzhou 450015, Henan, China 2The 702 Research Institute, CSIC, Wuxi 214082, Jiangsu, China 3Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094,Jiangsu, China appssjj713@tom.com, bkingofmiaomiao@126.com, cyu_cungui@sina.com Keywords: Large caliber rapid-fire naval gun, Coupled heat transfer, Active cooling, interlayer cooling Abstract.
Naval Gun barrel computational domain; The barrel material parameters are density ,specific heat and thermal conductivity which is functions of temperature .
The inner chamber gas is assumed as an ideal mixture, such that the thermodynamic and transferring properties of the mixture can be calculated from the weighted average of mass fractions of the constituent materials[3].
Then the thermodynamic and transferring properties of the inner chamber gas can be determined by the weighted average of mass fractions of the constituent materials.
Journal of Gun Launch & Control, 2008(1), p.65-68

Introduction Nowadays, due to environmental pollution concerns and increasing of public awareness on environmental issue, bio-fillers is gradually replacing with an alternative renewable or 'eco-friendly material'.
The characteristic of new material that can be used to replace existing fillers must be environmentally friendly, inexpensive, light in weight and renewable [1].
In the context, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fulfil most requirements as filler due to its availability and abundance source, inexpensive and ‘green’ or naturally occurring material [6].
All materials were used as received.
Prasarpran, Effect of epoxidized natural rubber (enr) on film and adhesive properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), International Journal of Science Research. 3 (1) (2014) 134-137

Introduction In the last few decades, aluminium has turned into an extremely popular metallic material especially its casting alloys.
Journal of Metals 1952:409
Materials and Manufacturing Processes 2009;24:174
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 2001;2:49

PVDF piezoelectric films are new, valuable materials for sensing application and have attracted people's attention due to their excellent characteristics (e.g. high piezoelectric coefficient, good flexibility, light weight, easy affixation, wide frequency range, etc.)
Recently, PVDF piezoelectric sensors have been applied in numerous fields[2,3], for instance, structural health monitoring, smart material and structure, various force sensors, etc.
Stresses along longitudinal direction (i.e., z direction) at point 1 and point 2 are obtained as PcbQaPz δ σ −−=1 (1) PcbQaPz δ σ ++=2 (2) where a ,b and c are constants which depend on material properties and geometry size of the rail.
Chen: Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures Vol. 11(2000), p.713-724 [4] Y.
Song: China Association for Science and Technology Vol. 4(2007), p.245-248 PVDF sensor 135m Charge amplifer Data acquisition PC computer

Nowadays, C60 as a kind of conductive polymer semiconductor material, which combines a range of electronic and optical properties with easy processing, are employed in various areas.
It is well known that the high-Tc superconductivity in alkali-doped fullerenes had been discovered in 1991 [2], which had aroused considerable interest in technological and scientific applications of fullerene-based materials in over past decades.
Based on other organic materials like CuPc or ZnPc as donor and fullerene as acceptor, photovoltaic cells depend intimately on electronic and optical properties of C60 thin films.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (Grants No 4102014) and PHR (IHLB) References [1] H.
Cheng: Chinese Journal of Semiconductors Vol. 22 (2001), p. 299 (in Chinese)

The development of tourism has likewise brought more pressures on local environmental carrying capacity. 2.2 Research materials Survey of Xi’an digital detailed land-use map on 1:25,000 scale for the year 1990 and 2000, LANDSATE TM satellite imagery for the year 1988, 1995, 2006 and 2010, and LANDSATE ETM+ satellite imagery for the year of 2000 are used for the study.
Ecosystem services function Forest Grassland Arable land Wetland Water body Barren land Gas regulation 3.5 0.8 0.5 1.8 0 0 Climate regulation 2.7 0.9 0.89 17.1 0.46 0 Water supply 3.2 0.8 0.6 15.5 20.38 0.03 Soil formation and retention 3.9 1.95 1.46 1.71 0.01 0.02 Waste treatment 1.31 1.31 1.64 18.18 18.18 0.01 Biodiversity protection 3.26 1.09 0.71 2.5 2.49 0.34 Food 0.1 0.3 1 0.3 0.1 0.01 Raw material 2.6 0.05 0.1 0.07 0.01 0 Recreation and culture 1.28 0.04 0.01 5.55 4.34 0.01 Total 21.85 7.24 6.91 62.71 46.01 0.42 Ecosystem service value of one unit of each land use category was then assigned based on the nearest equivalent ecosystems (Table 4).
Acknowledgements Financial support is from the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China under the grant No. 2013M542336 and the National Social Science Fund of China under the grant No.12&ZD072.
The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 13 (4), 315–325
Journal of Natural Resources 18, 189–196 (in Chinese)