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A Comparative Research on Thermal Stresses Calculated from Different Element Models of a Concrete Continuous Box-Girder Bridge Feng Xu1,a, Bo Wang 2,b, Hailong Zhang3,c 1,2,3 School of Civil Engineering & Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology,Wuhan 430074 CHINA a xufeng1979917@163.com, bwangbohust@126.com, czhhlhust@163.com Keywords: concrete continuous box-girder, gradient temperature load, thermal stress, beam element, solid element.
Fig. 5 Removal of Redundant Constraints Fig. 6 Removal of Redundant Constraints Results After the models were applied with the same positive and negative temperature difference load and were constrained determinately and indeterminately, total thermal stress and self-restraint thermal stress were calculated respectively, with the same material properties, such as elastic modulus (3.45×104MPa), poisson ratio (0.2) and thermal expansion coefficient (1×10 －5/°C).
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Froli, in: Statistical Analysis of Thermal Actions on a Concrete Segmental Box-girder Bridge, Journal of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) Vol.10, No.1(2000), p. 111-116 [3] Ministry of Communication of the People's Republic of China: General Code for Design of Highway Bridge and Culverts (JTG D62-2004) (China Communications Press, Beijing 2004) [4] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): LRFD bridge design specifications (2004), 3rd Ed., Washington, D.C
Froli, in: The Temperature Effect Analysis of a Long-span Prestressed Concrete Continuous Bridge, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol.29, No.2(2007), p. 110-113

The material of test pieces is aluminium alloy.
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this present work by the Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects of China (2009ZX04001-073-03).
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（2）Crack width （4） bj: Crack width (mm);λb: Crack width coefficient; The design temperature difference and steel reinforcement ratio are the main factors influencing the design of crack width and spacing under certain conditions of the concrete and steel material.
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And also, it is right to forbid throwing household garbage and domestic sewage discharge, and trying to avoid bituminous material, and polluting water by gasoline in the couse of transportation.
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Only increasing structural size and improving material property are not efficient to prolong service life.
To improve fatigue strength, manufacturers and investigators try to enhance material performance, increasing wall thickness and processing fineness.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment from Ministry of Education (2006STS03) and Science Foundation of Southwest Petroleum University (2010XJZ151).
Research on Material of Pump Fluid End about Autofrettage and Fatigue Strength.
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Materials and Methods Two sets of SBR-OSA process systems were established.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Science & Research Program of Guangdong (Contract No. 2012A032300005, 2012B091000029), Science & Research developed Program of Foshan (Contract No. 2012HY100531, 2011BC100051) and Hong Kong and Guangdong key breakthrough projects in key areas (Contract No. 2012BZ100021) References [1] G.
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As a typical indirect dryer, paddle dryer has been utilized in many engineering fields to remove moisture of materials [24-25].
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Zhang, Nanjing University of Science and Technology (2013)
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From another side, continuous device downscaling identified by ITRS [10] imply the employment of both new device architectures (to improve short-channel effects (SCE) control) and new channel (to boost carrier mobility) and gate dielectric (to improve SCE control and minimize leakage currents simultaneously) materials.
At present, there is no sufficient generated knowledge and gathered experimental database on the reliability aspects in the devices with novel architecture and employing new materials thus creating a demand for an in-depth assessment of reliability issues in “novel” devices.
Difference in the initial space-charge conditions at the film-BOX interface, difference in oxide and interface charges build-up in both gate and buried oxides in the case of strained and non-strained materials as well as possible strain relaxation were considered.
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Similar materials are suitable for sensors and current limitations.
The potential interference of carbon-based materials with the oxidation and ageing of polymer matrix shall be known in order to correctly estimate the durability of such materials.
The potential interference of carbon-based materials with the oxidation and ageing of polymer matrix shall be known in order to correctly estimate the durability of such materials.
Pintea: Dielectric behaviour of some composite materials of HDPE/CB type.
European Polymer Journal 43 (2007) 3737–3749 [26] R.G.

Various natural and derived materials are used as the sources of biomass which contain soil wastes, agricultural and industrial residues, sawdust, grass, process of making food and animal’s wastes, aquatic plants and industrial and energy crops grown for biomass.
Additionally, various materials can be utilized as biomass sources including tires, produced by either natural rubbers or factitious although the material is not strictly biogenic [12].
Waste-to-energy, that transforms the non-recyclable and combustible portion of the waste to electricity, decreases the materials’ amount sent to landfills, enhances recycling rates, impedes air/water pollutions and decreases the reliance on fossil fuels for power generation.
Biomass Gasification Nova Science,New york
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25: 585-601