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As a promising processing technique, the assistance of ultrasonic vibration is introduced into the high-efficiency machining of hard and brittle materials.
This method permits ultra-precision optical surfaces to be created on these difficult-to-cut materials with minimal subsurface damage [2, 3].
Once a depth of cut is given to the workpiece by lowering the grinding wheel down and a feed rate of Vf is provided to the worktable, the grinding wheel rotating at a speed of ng will interfere with the workpiece to remove the work materials.
Mamduhi: Proceedings of world academy of science, engineering and technology, Vol.31 (2008), p.786 [4] K.
Kato: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.162-163 (2005), p.709

The materials which are used in fuel cells should have high proton conduction in order to get high voltage.
Hence more researchers are focussed on developing proton conducting materials.
In aliphatic PEM addition of cross-linking structure and inorganic materials would rise the thermal stability [15,16].
Accordingly, the PEM with positive and negatively charged groups are carried by the inorganic materials.
Vasquez, Fuel Cell Research Trends, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2007

Beyond these regions, the pyrolysis of the materials continued with slower rate and lose in weight are stopped, which tends to saturate in temperature range between 625-1000oC for the resins BMR and NMR, being in the temperature more than 1000oC for resin (NR).
Beyond these temperature, the pyrolysis and the weight loss of the materials continued slowly.
Fan, “Effect of praseodymium on catalytic graphitization of furan resin carbon”, Journal of Rare Earths, 28,1, pp 69-71 (2010)
Jianguo, “Catalytic graphitization of carbon/carbon composites by lanthanum oxide”, Journal of Rare Earths, 30,2, pp 128-132 (2012)
Pritchard, “Developments in Reinforced Plastics-1, Resin Matrix Aspects”, Applied Science publishers LTD London, 7 (1980)

Bhavyasreec Department of Physics, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the promising representatives of polymeric materials and there are numerous proposals for its application in electronics, as well as packaging textile and food products due to its high clarity and excellent durability.
The formation of composite film might potentially be used as an alternative or substitute material for many other applications. 2.
The MOD is a technique in which thin films are prepared starting from a chemical solution of the precursor materials deposed on a substrate by dipping, spinning or spraying techniques.
There are several reasons for this behavior, where half of the bulk PVA consists of crystallites embedded in a matrix of glassy material.

Surprisingly, the H2[PtCl6]/TH materials were more active than P25.
FIELD Full Journal Title:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 694 (2009), p. 1049
Taga,; Science (Washington, DC, U.
Nosaka,; Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, Vol. 6 (2005), p. 143
Materials Chemistry 1980, 5, 117

The coupling is carried out through the concept of effective stress, defined as: (3) Here, the damage is one of the thermodynamic state variables that take into account the progressive loss of load carrying capability of the material as a result of some irreversible modifications, such as micro voids formation and growth that initiate in the materials when intense plastic deformation occurs.
Sciences, vol. 44 (12), 2002, 2427-2446
Tech., Vol. 151, Issues 1-3, 2004, 237-241 [9] Takayuki Hama, Tomohiro Hatakeyama, Motoo Asakawa, Hiroyuki Amino, Akitake Makinouchi, Hitoshi Fujimoto, Hirohiko Takuda, Determination of optimal loading profiles in warm hydroforming of lightweight materials, J. of Mate.
Sciences, vol. 49 (2), 200-209, 2007
Ivey: Management Science Vol. 42 (1996), p. 954-973

Materials and Methods 2.1.
Materials Pure grade of chemicals and reagents were used throughout this study.
Review of the sources, synthesis, and applications of nanocellulose materials.
From Trash to Treasure: Crafting electrochemical supercapacitors with recycled waste materials.
Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology, 21(1), (2017)

In 1942 [11] it was proved by researches, that the resistivity value of porous material can be determined by the following equation: , (2) where r0 is the water phase resistivity in the concrete, a is the constant depending on the metal structures, m is the integral parameter, related to the pores structure in the material, φ is the proportion of volumetric water saturation of the pores.
There are several methods for measuring the resistivity of materials: disk method with a single external electrode, two-electrode and four-electrode methods.
Corrosion monitoring of reinforced concrete structures - A review // International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2007. №2.
Influence of carbonation on chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in simulated concrete pore solutions / Liu R., Jiang L., Xu J., Xiong C., Song Z.// Construction and Building Materials. 2014. № 56.
Test methods for on site measurement of resistivity of concrete - a RILEM TC-154 technical recommendation// Construction and Building Materials. 2001. №15.- P.125-131

However, due to the design, construction, materials and structural aging and other reasons, many of the existing bridge appeared damaged to varying degrees which don’t reach their design reference period.
The layers of bridge reinforcement evaluation effect Target Layer Category Layer Evaluation Index Layer Reinforcement Effect Safety Carrying Capacity Increase Rate (CCIR) Live Load Sharing Rate (LLSR) Stiffness Changing Rate (SCR) Durability Design Fit Indicators (DFI) Appearance Quality Indicators (AQI) Construction Quality Indicators (CQI) Applicability Reinforcement Material Utilization (RMU) Operational Results Indicators (QRI) Bridge Strengthening Effect Evaluate Rating Method 1) Select the score calculation method According to the current technical condition of the highway bridge evaluation norm——Highway Bridge Technical Condition Assessment Procedures (JTG/T H21-2011), it uses the hierarchical synthesis method as the bridge technical condition assess method.
Index weights of applicability Indices  Reinforcement Material Utilization (RMU) Operational Results Indicators (QRI) Weights 0.5 0.5 5) The calculate method about structural level evaluation scores The calculate method used in single reinforcement project evaluation score as follows: (2) ——Evaluation scores of single reinforcement projects; ——Index evaluation score.
The basic indicators include reinforcement material utilization and operational results indicators. ① Reinforcement material utilization The reinforcement material utilization can be defined as the ratio of the strengthened control section maximum load effect with the maximum material strength.
Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. 2004(13):1-35

This is not an exception for low-temperature engineering and related fields of science and technology.
Good miscibility of the refrigerant with lubricating oil and materials compability are the key factors besides high dielectric strength especially in the vapor phase, lower freezing point temperature and low cost of the refrigerant.
The predominant refrigerants in use today are members of the halocarbons family of chemical compounds i.e., so-called halogenated hydrocarbons or fluorocarbon refrigerants In 1928 Thomas Midgley along with Albert Henne managed to synthesize a small quantity of chlorofluorocarbons CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons which could be produced with hydrocarbons as raw materials.
Also important are thermodynamic properties, low flammability and toxicity, cost and compatibility with the materials of construction.
HFOs New, Low Global Warming Potentials Refrigerants// ASHRAE-Journal. – 2009. – August. – 51(8). – P. 22-29