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In the finite element simulation of plate forming, the material hardening model plays an important role in the springback prediction.
In the finite element simulation of metal forming, the material hardening model has a significant effect on the springback simulation [4-6].
In present study, a tension-compression test of API X90 grade linepipe steel was carried out to determine the material model parameters.
Jiang, Bauschinger effect of high grade X80/X100 pipeline steels, Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing. 32(2010) 1144-1149

The substrate material was 1Cr-11Ni-2W-2Mo-V stainless steel.
In Eq.1, Es and νs are materials constants, hs can be measured with micrometer and hi obtained through weighing and calculating according to the following equation, ( ) ( ) [ ] flost iii hmmmmh ⋅−−= − 0 1 / , (2) where hf is the original thickness of the film in SEM image, m0 the original weight of the one side coated specimen, mlost the weight of the specimen after the film totally stripped, mi-1and mi the weight of the specimen before and after stripping a layer at time i, respectively.
Therefore, the crack initiation was delayed and fatigue characteristic of the coated materials was improved [2, 3, 6, 7].
Terranova: International Journal of Fatigue Vol. 27 (2005), p. 1541 [7] Y.
Suresh: Thin film materials: stress, defect formation, and surface evolution (Cambridge University Press, England 2003)

Introduction Organic montmorillonite is an important mineral compound material, it exhibits good solvent swelling, high dispersivity and thixotropy, and extensively used in the paint, textile, print ink, high-temperature lubricant grease, daily cosmetics, environment protection, polymer modification, etc.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China-"Study on the Structure and Colloidal Properties of Montmorillonite/Alkylammonium Complexes(No:50774050)".
Thanks for the support from the committee of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
[3] Qiu Jun, Chen Ping, Zhang Yangui and Lu Xian-jun: Study on Relation Between Layer Charge And Gel Performance of Organic Montmorillonite, Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology.
Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology(Natural Science), Vol. 25 (2006), P.98-101

Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials.
The pore size values represent that MSAs belong to the group of nanoporous materials.
Singh, Aerogels as Promising Thermal Insulating Materials: An Overview.
Journal of Materials, Journal of Materials. (2014) 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/127049 [11] X.
Shen, A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel, Materials. 6 (2013) 941-968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030941 [19] F.

But there is no consistent and generally accepted definition of resilience in engineering science.
In: Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Kloberdanz, Uncertainty in product modelling within the development process, In Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Schmitt, Resilience in Mechanical Engineering – A Concept for Controlling Uncertainty during Design, Production and Usage Phase of Load-Carrying Structures, In Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Jackson, Towards a Conceptual Framework for Resilience Engineering, IEEE Systems Journal, July 2009, DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2009.2017397 [17] D. 

Molybdenum-based alloy is mainly based on molybdenum substrate of molybdenum alloy material.
Molybdenum compound in industry is also the important raw material for production of industrial dye.
Recently, the raw material which is used for producing ammonium molybdate is mainly molybdenite that can be leached after roasted.
The first stage: MoO3+H2=MoO2+H2O (3) The second stage: MoO2+2H2=Mo+2H2O (4) Industrial materials that can be used for reduction of molybdenum trioxide include H, C, Al, Mg and Ca, etc.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51274082) References [1] Tiegen Xiang: Molybdenum Metallurgy, Central South University Press, Changsha (2002) (In Chinese) [2] Jieyu Xu: China Molybdenum Industry Vol. 32 No. 5 (2008), p. 1-6 (In Chinese) [3] Jieyu Xu, Xiaoming Yang: China Molybdenum Industry Vol. 33 No. 2 (2009), p. 11-18 (In Chinese) [4] Jingbo Fu, Jinghua Zhao: Chinese Journal of Rare Metals Vol. 31 Spec.

To avoid freezing of the billet material in the die, the cooling was started after the prechamber had been filled with aluminum.
EN AW-6060 and H13 were selected as billet and die material, respectively.
But in the section of the profile that was extruded with cooling the material was welded together entirely (Fig. 5 b)).
Tekkaya, Controlling heat balance in hot aluminum extrusion by additive manufactured extrusion dies with conformal cooling channels, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 14 (2013) 8, pp. 1487-1493
Tekkaya: Grain size evolution simulation in aluminum alloys AA6082 and AA7020 during forward extrusion process, Material Science and Technology, 1 (2013), pp. 100-110

Table.1 The main manufacturing sectors’ activity level of China (100 million yuan) Num Year 1996-2000 2001-2005 2005-2009 1 Mining and washing of coal 1 141.52 1 511.85 3 540.72 2 Extraction of Petroleum and Natural Gas 1 711.83 1 987.67 2 633.97 3 Processing of Food from Agricultural Products 3 006.48 3 337.28 6 168.83 4 Manufacture of Textile 3 924.10 4 135.93 5 966.40 5 Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 1 094.15 1 375.29 2 083.00 6 Processing of Petroleum, Coking, Nuclear Fuel 2 313.38 3 584.93 5 871.98 7 Raw Chemical Materials and Chemical Products 4 051.74 5 088.88 8 913.63 8 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 2 956.24 3 050.02 5 477.72 9 Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals 3 361.57 5 678.80 11 076.26 10 Smelting and Pressing of Non-ferrous Metals 1 392.50 2 134.74 5 501.04 11 Manufacture of Transport Equipment 3 644.59 5 466.19 9 215.81 12 Total 28 598.09 37 351.59 66 449.36 Source: This data were obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook (NBSC, 1997—
Raw Chemical Materials and Chemical Products’ energy intensity are the highest, while Processing of Petroleum, Coking, Nuclear Fuel’s carbon intensity are the highest.
Energy intensity and Carbon intensity in various sectors (1 TCE/1000yuan) Year 1996 2002 2009 Department EI CI EI CI EI CI Mining and washing of coal 37.56 213.67 40.02 240.76 23.37 147.60 Extraction of Petroleum and Natural Gas 16.66 65.48 28.50 103.96 19.71 55.49 Processing of Food from Agricultural Products 5.49 20.52 6.01 22.15 3.75 12.52 Manufacture of Textile 7.06 21.55 8.39 24.49 10.22 32.78 Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 18.10 64.71 18.93 68.43 18.64 76.22 Processing of Petroleum, Coking, Nuclear Fuel 16.57 228.76 27.58 247.51 26.78 272.09 Raw Chemical Materials and Chemical Products 44.99 125.58 35.36 116.34 29.45 94.28 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 38.62 131.14 41.16 142.63 40.64 142.13 Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals 48.62 190.94 52.28 207.22 49.68 180.96 Smelting and Pressing of Non-ferrous Metals 21.34 70.22 29.86 94.28 20.82 73.93 Manufacture of Transport Equipment 3.78 12.23 3.37 10.98 2.73 8.95 Total 23.91 96.61 25.00 106.28 23.43 99.67
The decomposition of energy intensity for China’s manufacturing sectors, Resource Science 32,1685-1691 (2010)
A study: study on index decomposition analysis in energy intensity, Chinese Journal of Management 5, 647-650 (2008).

Whole-Life Experiment and Data Analysis of Gear Certain material gear specimen requires: m(modulus)= 5mm，Z（number of teeth）=30，b（Tooth width）=10mm, precision level is 7GH（GB10095-88）, toothroot surface roughness RZ ≤10μm, heat treatment degree of hardness HB230～260, tooth surface quenching HRC45～50. 28 gear samples and 4 stress levels are needed to ensure the randomicity and equalization of the sample.
Now there are gear life sample sequences on bending fatigue about three kinds of materials, 20CrMnMo gear life sample is a referenced sequence, 20Cr gear and 20CrMnTi gear life samples are two comparative sequences.
Table 6 Fuzzy nearness of 42CrMo 、35CrMo gear for 20CrMnMo gear life samples Gear materials and heat treatment Stress levels [MPa] Fuzzy nearness 1  *11 2  *22 3  *33 35Cr Mo Thermal refining 476 .47 0 .4319 0 .3819 (0. 4132 * ) 0 .5059 0 .4809 (0. 5479 * ) 0 .6719 0 .6482 (0. 7014 * ) 0 .3532* 0.4279* 0.5993* 446 .13 0 .3611 0 .4581 0 .6284 0.3063* 0.4765* 0.6454* 415 .87 0 .3189 0 .4216 0 .5931 0.3884* 0.5669* 0 .7236* 385 .68 0 .4156 0 .5380 0 .6995 0 .6049* 0.7201* 0.8373* 20Cr2Ni4 Carburizing quenching 476 .47 0 .3537 0 .3855 (0. 3665 *) 0 .3947 0 .4572 (0. 3852* ) 0 .5660 0 .6241 (0. 5561 * ) 0 .3650* 0 .3831* 0 .5540* 446 .13 0 .4474 0 .5842 0 .7375 0 .3610* 0.4007* 0 .5721* 415 .87 0 .3956 0 .4339 0 .6052 0.3746* 0.3765* 0.5470* 385 .68 0 .3451 0 .4159 0 .5875 0.3655* 0.3805* 0 .5512* 42Cr Mo Surface quenching 476 .47 0 .3679 0.3780 0 .3679
0.3679 0 .5379 0.5379 446 .13 0 .4084 0 .3679 0 .5379 415 .87 0 .3679 0 .3679 0 .5379 385 .68 0 .3679 0 .3679 0 .5379 Acknowledgements The research is sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50775128) and Medium-H Steel Production Line Virtual Technology Project (2003182).
References [1] W.P.Wang and J.L.Deng: Systems Engineering Vol. 15(2) (1997), p. 13 [2] J.H.Chen, H.F.Qin and H.Yu: Agricultural Machinery Journal Vol. 30(6) (1999), p. 31 [3] Y.Z.Guo: Reliability Analysis Research about Few Sampling Complex Machinery Systems (Dissertation Shandong University 2001)

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr Alloy Containing Zn and Mn Yong-lai Chen 1,a, Jin-feng Li 2�b, Yu-wei Zhang 1, Zi-qiao Zheng2 1 Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China a email: chenyonglai@263.net�b email: lijinfeng@mail.csu.edu.cn Key words: microstructure, mechanical property, heat treatment, Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr alloy Abstract: An Al-3.43Cu-1.28Li-0.49Mg-0.12Zr containing 0.62Zn and 0.29Mn was designed and the microstructures and mechanical properties of the alloy with various heat treatments were investigated.
Materials Transactions JIM. 40, (1999), 439-442 [7] A.
Rare Metal Materials and Engineering. 34, (2005), 1036-1038 [10] J.
Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals. 42, (1992), 211-216 [12] M.