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These tasks can be solved, including at the expense of reduction of material content and reduction of the cross-section of structures, due to the rational combination of concrete and steel in their joint work and through the use of high-strength materials.
Therefore, the use of a strengthened core will lead to a significant reduction in steel costs and cost savings during the construction of the structure.
Summary According to the carried out experimental study of the mechanism of development of the stress-strain state of the tube confined concrete elements, reliable and more accurate data on their properties was obtained.
These data make it clear that the application of these methods can contribute to the improvement of the construction of various structures due to better conservation of resources and increase the reliability of the structures themselves.

Inventory analysis and data sources.
Most emissions were equal to the emission factor multiply by the activity data.
Data sources There were various sources of data for LCA.
Table2 shows the primary activity level data of the case study.
Because of non-availability of data, power grid construction was used in Europe database Ecoinvent.

The 3D simulation model is based on data from real measurements of soil temperatures during the winter over a period of two years.
The measured data were incorporated into the model on the basis of statistical evaluation.
This is particularly true of the calculation for specific heat flux HT (estimated temperature implies a temperature reduction factor b for structures in direct contact with soil).
Floor plan of the basement of the house The following values were monitored during the experimental measurements on the house: - internal air parameters (internal air temperature and relative humidity) - external climatic data (outdoor air temperature and relative humidity, snow depth, soil temperature at predetermined depths) - thermal properties of the materials used in the structures of the house and of the soil (soil thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity of retention walls, thermal conductivity perimeter of masonry) [5].
The resulting statistical files contained a large amount of data which was subsequently categorized by calculating the established limits (see Tables 5 - 9).

Suitable for high speed data transmission.
Therefore, OFDM technology is very suitable for high-speed data transmission [9].
To achieve the purpose of 4G, each link such as network exchange, data transmission and data access needs to be broke through, especially under the conditions of wireless mobile environment and limited frequency spectrum resources, how to conduct high-speed data transmission stably, reliably and effectively becomes a focused issue.
Research on the problem of PAPR reduction in OFDM system [D].
Study on the algorithm of PAPR reduction in OFDM system [D].

Fig. 1 Modules in the system and their interaction relationship Data Communication.
Serial communication protocol can also be used for remote data acquisition device data.
The system provides a complete data management capability, all the received raw construction data are stored in database.
In the data management window, the specified history construction data can be played back to reproduce the sinking job scenario, which greatly facilitates accumulation of construction experience and analysis of construction accident.
A data reduction schema for triangulated surface computer aided geometrics design.

The key factor for the application of laser-welded AA2198 structures is the availability of reliable data for the assessment of their damage tolerance behavior.
Newly developed Al-Li alloys of the 2xxx series, such as AA2196 and AA2198, with a higher structural efficiency index due to their high strength and lower density can significantly contribute to the further weight reduction of airplanes.
Whereas some data are available on friction stir-welded butt joints [7-11] and laser beam-welded T-joints [1, 4, 12-13], data on laser beam–welded stiffened panels are lacking [15].
Mechanical properties The tensile test results for butt joints and hoop-stress test results for T joints show that there is a reduction of the ultimate tensile strength of approximately 25 % due to LBW (Figs. 4a and 4b).
A reduction of 25 % for the fatigue limit of the as-welded material (150 MPa) relative to the BM tested in the T-direction (200 MPa) can be seen.

Data presented here were obtained at an engine speed of 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm. the dynamometer unit loads was held fixed at 0% and 50% thus covering the typical and middle load range of the combustion regime.
Measurements vehicle performance data comprised power (kW), flywheel torque (Nm) together with the exhaust emissions observation.
Further analysis and presentation of these data is based on average of these 3 cycles.
As seen in Fig.5, the blended palm oil fuels under all engine speed conditions depicts the reduction of exhaust emissions.
However, there is little influence of oxygenated fuel on emission reduction at the range of biodiesel between 5 to 15vol%. 2.

The efforts for implementing green manufacturing activities involve product design changes, the development of new raw materials and the reutilization, recycling or reduction of production wastes.
As data collection procedure to examine the selected case, the semi-structured interview method was chosen because it is considered the most adequate method for collecting data in qualitative research [23, 24].
Patton [25] also reinforces this recommendation saying that the proposed data gathering method should be used when the researcher needs flexibility to obtain information in any direction that could be required, which is the case in this exploratory study.
End of process controls Is there a program for reduction of gas emissions?
The case study makes clear that a company needs the support of its suppliers to improve the environmental conditions of its supply chain, especially when it requires from its vendors actions like reduction, reutilization, recycling, redesign, recuperation and re-manufacturing, all them vital for a better environmental performance.

The novel concept should also enable the online acquisition of measurement data during production operation, allowing the steel strip condition as well as flatness errors to be constantly monitored and detected.
On the one hand, these data can be used to react to fluctuating input parameters and optimize the straightening process.
On the other hand, the use of the data in the sense of Industry 4.0 is also planned, whereby the entire subsequent production process benefits.
This implies a reduction of the reject rate in the production chain, which increases the attractiveness of manufacturing products in small batches in particular.
Design of On-line Inspection Methodology for reduction of cost of internal failure - a case study in sheet metal industry, Madras

Effectiveness was compared on the example of the Shanghai–Rotterdam–Shanghai route, which is used extensively and provides realistic data for the model calculation.
This calculation is complemented by data adopted from the Suez Canal Pricing Forecast 2005–2025 prognostic study.
The Maersk shipping company predicts a drastic reduction in transportation costs.
Despite a relatively significant reduction in transportation costs at 19 knots, it is important to consider the increase in shipping time by 9 days, as compared to transport at 23 knots.
Due to this reduction, the ship saves 9 days at a consumption of 120 t/day and at the same time, there will be additional 59 days at a consumption of 105 t/day.