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Electrical resistivity evolutions exhibited one or two stage of resistivity reduction according to additional elements respectively.
In order to analyze the electrical resistivity reduction, micro structure evolutions were analyzed using DSC, XRD, and TEM. 1.
In this resistivity reduction stage, normalized resistivity decreased from 0.999 at 8 min to 0.906 after 132 min of annealing.
To study the growth behavior of nanocrystalline particles, we analyzed the isothermal electrical resistivity data using the Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation [7], )exp(1)( nntk tx −−= , where, x(t) is the degree of crystallization, k is a kinetic coefficient and n is the Avrami parameter.
In contrast to this, the normalized resistivity measurement of the Vitreloy1 exhibited two distinctive resistivity reduction stage (RRS) with annealing time

Since grain size data had some scatters but no significant asymmetry, simple average of the three intercept lengths were used and referred to as average grain size in this study.
Cold-rollability was assessed by limit rolling reduction up to the formation of a macroscopic crack when the test pieces were cold-rolled by 0.02 mm per pass.
From the rollability test result, reduction in the cold rolling was chosen to be 15%.
The present result implies that grain refinement can be readily achieved in the products with thick section since the cold reduction as small as 15% is sufficient.
However, since the reduction amount and annealing condition is identical among the specimens with different rolling angle, the effect of rolling angle needs further discussion.

The specific data can are shown in the table 4-2 and figure 4-2.
Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press,1999 [2] Charles J.Slag Splashing in the BOF — World wide status ,practices and results.Iron and steel Engineer,1996,73 (5) : 17 [3] R.K.Paramguru,H.S.Ray,and P.Basu.Kinetics of Reduction of ReO on CaO-SiO2-FeO Slag,partI,Reduction by Solute Carbon.Ironmaking and steelmaking,1996,23(4)：328 [4] R.K.Paramguru,H.S.Ray,and P.Basu.Kinetics of Reduction of ReO on CaO-SiO2-FeO Slag,part II,Reduction by Solute Carbon.Ironmaking and Steel making,1996,23(4):411 [5] R.K.Paramguru,H.S.Ray,and P.Basu.Some Kinetic aspects of Reduction of FeO inMolten Slags by Solute Carbon,ISIJ(The Iron and Steel Institute ofJapan),1997,37(8):756 [6] Yumin Liu.The application of slag splashing technology[J].Steel making,1997 , (6) :13 “in Chinese”

If the main objective is the reduction in temperature, 6 fin design is suitable.
If main objective is the reduction in temperature along with area optimization (for circuits), a 4 fin design is more suitable.
And if the main objective is the reduction in temperature along with weight and process time limitations, a 25 µm thickness design is suitable.
A drastic reduction of voids can be observed with vacuum (variants 2 and 3).
LOPL-E001B Data-sheet, 2009

Table 2.Comparasion of gear design opimized results by MAIS Parameters / Material Traditional Trial Method Modified Artificial Immune System C-15* C-15 Alloy Steel Power (P) kW 22.50 22.67 23.10 Module (m) mm 5.00 4.75 4.50 Gear Thickness (b) mm 47.25 40.00 35.50 No. of teeth on pinion (Z1) 18 18 18 Centre Distance (a) mm 157.50 149.625 141.75 Gear Weight (kg) 17.11 13.07 11.93 Efficiency (%) 98.40 98.40 98.40 By varying all design parameters such as power, thickness, number of teeth and module, MAIS performs well and shows a huge reduction in gear weight.
For C-15 material, around 23.6% weight reduction and for Alloy steel around 30.3% weight reductions in comparison with the trial method.
It also shows better reduction of 10% in centre distance when compared with the existing design.
MAIS shows considerable reduction in weight in compared with trail method for both gear materials and also shows better results over power and center distance.
[12] Design Data Book, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology, India, 2008

Sheltering effect was exhibited by the seaward macroroughness elements, showing significant reduction in the front face pressures.
All data were recorded at the sampling rates of 50 Hz except for the flow velocity (40 Hz).
Baseline condition (Case 1) as shown in Fig. 3 was first tested and used as reference data for comparison.
The pressures are found to be reduced relative to the baseline and the reduction percentage is getting slightly higher for the pressure at higher level.

These alloys were unidirectionally hot rolled to 80 % reduction at 800 ºC and subsequently air cooled.
From the pole figure data, the complete orientation distribution function (ODF) has been calculated with triclinic sample symmetry.
Table 2 Tensile and compression counterparts of the Knoop hardness yield strengths a Alloy Rolling reduction (%) σx (MPa) σy (MPa) Area of yield locus MPa2x107 Tensile Compression Tensile Compression Ti-8Nb 80 2432 2378 2402 2265 2.2 Ti-12Nb 80 2750 2740 2710 2800 2.8 The yield locus plots and corresponding tensile and compression strength values (Table 2) of these alloys obtained by Knoop hardness method are shown in Fig.4 which also displays the presence of anisotropy in the materials.

Mechanical noise caused by power equipment vibration is the main source of underwater radiated noise of the ship, and vibration isolation and noise reduction of ship equipment has been widely concerned.
With the increase of frequency, the test data becomes more and more stable and the FE result still rise.
Acoustic design method and noise reduction performance analysis of space truss raft system [D].

The preference degree of the user attributes to the item attributes can effectively alleviate the sparse data problem [3, 4]; because different users can directly use the ratings made from some user attributes to some item attributes, without the need of the common rating data of the users to the items.
SVD Dimensionality Reduction Dimensionalities Reduction of UIRM can reduce the time of algorithm expended Maximum, and also improve the real-time recommendation [9].
Similarly, the user information can also be transformed into attributes and stored into a two-dimensional data table.
MovieLenS data set is used as the experiment data (http:/www.grouplens.org/) [11].
IEEE Transaction on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2004, 16(1): 56-69.

Bay has also shown this layer to break at a lower surface expansion than the native oxides [2], hence promoting final thickness d1 / mm 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 Material: 2.0065 d0: 2 mm shear force / N 0 200 400 600 total reduction r 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 GaussFit1 AR GaussFit2 DG GaussFit3 C GaussFit4 CV %(10) BR %(12) BRC %(14) BRCV As received Degreased ECUF: C ECUF: CV (a) Smooth surfaces shear force / N 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 total reduction r 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 Brushed Brushed + ECUF: C final thickness d1 / mm 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Material: 2.0065 d0: 2 mm (b) Brushed surfaces Fig. 1: Shear force over total reduction diagram for cold-lap-welded copper specimens with and without electrochemical surface treatment (C: cathodic reduction to remove oxides, CV: cylcovoltametric reduction to remove oxides and nano-roughen the surface).
Data recompiled from [4] cold weld formation.
It was shown that the strength of a cold weld can be improved be cleaning the surfaces in an electrochemical activation process (cathodic oxide reduction).
By reducing the size of the rolling tool, the process forces can be reduced significantly and, the thickness reduction can be precisely adjusted.
With an improved surface preparation, such as through electrochemical oxide reduction, new process designs and applications could be possible.