Search results

Introduce No matter what exhaust after-treatment technology is adopted, a further reduction in the raw emissions of the engine is required.
Structure Optimization of Intake Ports The best procedure is to import CAD-data via the STL-interface and ensure that the CAD-data is showing the same engine as the hardware used at the experimental test rig.
References [1] Adolph, D., Rezaei, R., Pischinger, S., Adomeit, P., Gas Exchange Optimization and the Impact on Emission Reduction for HSDI Diesel Engines, SAE paper 2009-01-0653, 2009
Potential Soot and CO Reduction for HSDI Diesel Combustion Systems, SAE paper 2006-01-1417, 2006

The phenomena of the flow separation on high lift wings is avoidable phenomena where it causes reduction in lift, increase in drag, reduction in plane stability, as well as noise and vibration [1, 2].
In the present study, 2-D wing with NACA4412 airfoil section and an External load (E.L.) which simulates missile model were adopted to obtain qualitative data of the flow structure around the wing and the combination of the wing with attached missile.
The inclination to 5o AOA caused a reduction in the size of the separation region on the lower surface and possibly a virtual elimination of this separation.
Miley, Catalog of low- Reynolds-number airfoil data for wind turbine applications, Rockwell International Corp., Golden, Colo., Rocky, Flat Plant, 1982 [8] H.H.

A.Tasdemirci, et al, reported that Teflon and aluminum foam interlayer caused a significant delay and reduction in the magnitude of the stress wave transmitted to the composite backing plate and localized damage in the ceramic layer.
Further details of the experimental setup and the standard data reduction routines are available elsewhere.
It cannot be used to generate mechanical property data in the conventional way since essentially all of the necessary assumptions are violated.
We could confirm that the presence of interlayer could alter the stress wave transmission between the layers and cause a reduction in the magnitude of the stress transmitted to the Ti6Al4V backing plate.

The Pseudo-Voigt equation [4] is used to fit the data and to generate result files.
This size reduction accompanies the water loss inducing a lattice change.
To improve the reproducibility and the reliability of the data treatment, a PseudoVoigt fit has been chosen.
For our samples a temperature reduction of about 170°C is observed as the size decreases by three orders of magnitude.
So, this study highlights the applicability of the nanophysical properties to the nickel-bearing compounds and the reduction of the phase transformation temperature.

The analysis of production data on experimental and comparative melts showed that their secondary metallurgy processing and steel teeming passed without remark.
The results of the assessment of contamination of steel NMI Applied modifier Contamination with NMI according to state standard 1778-70 The average score of metal contamination by CANMI. pcs/mm2 Point oxides Fragile silicates Non-deformable silicates Maximum score Average score Maximum score Average score Maximum score Average score CANMI 1 CANMI 2 SC40 1.0 0.75 4.5 1.3 4.5 2.30 1.78 1.88 INSTEEL® 1.5 0.50 0.50 2.0 0.40 3.5 1.50 1.51 0.62 INSTEEL® 9.4 1.0 0.53 3.0 0.77 4.0 1.33 1.15 0.70 INSTEEL® 5.1 0.5 0.50 2.0 0.40 3.0 1.25 1.03 0.92 INSTEEL® 10.1 0.5 0.50 1.5 0.30 2.5 1.35 1.46 1.54 From the data of table 3 it follows that the maximum score of NMI and the average level of contamination for the main types of NMI reduction is provided when processing steel by experimental modifiers.
Sr and REM) provides a significant reduction in the contamination of steel by NMI of all types as a result of the effect on the properties and behavior of NMI.
Conclusions The use of complex microcrystalline modifiers produced by NPP Technology LTD provides: - more complete deoxidation and an increase in the degree of calcium absorption in comparison with that used according to the current technology of SC40 by 61.1-76.5% rel.; - increased degree of metal desulfurization; - reduction of steel contamination by oxide inclusions as well in maximum score as in average value; - a decrease in the content of CANMI in steel and a change in their morphology towards the formation of oxysulfide inclusions favorable in terms of increasing the corrosion resistance of steel.

After standing for 4 h to make the reduction reaction complete, the Pt hydrosol was then mixed with 10 ml 1 ×10-3 mol dm-3 DDT ethanol solution.
The impedance data was fitted using the corresponding equivalent circuits.
It can be seen from that the characteristic absorption peak of PtCl6-2 at 280 nm disappeared completely after the reduction of the H2PtCl6 with NaBH4 indicating the formation of Pt nanoparticles[20].
In the 0.5 mol dm-3 H2SO4 solution, the corrosion reaction at iron surface consists of the anodic dissolution of iron and the cathodic reduction of the hydrogen ions.
The values of protectionefficiencies are consistent with the data calculated from the electrochemical impedance spectra.

(a) (b) Fig.2 The curve of the rolling forces vs. increment (a) MethodⅠ; (b) MethodⅡ Transverse Wall Thickness Precision In order to increase the reliability of data of distribution of transverse wall thickness, simulated workpiece should pass through the last stand a longer distance.
Then five slices at exit of the last stand are analyzed, data processing method was introduced in detail in Ref. [8].
Maximal rolling forces, rolling moments all stands except the first stand have some degree reduction using methodⅡcompared with methodⅠ, and maximal rolling force and rolling moment reduce 10%~20% and 10% or so respectively.
Front tension, especially back tension can cause rolling force certain degree reduction.
Diameter increment reduction of rolled hollow tube is not obvious on the condition that front and back tension are small.

Most probably, the observed shift of the position of absorption bands is due to a reduction of oxygen content in the crystalline oxynitride phase formed during annealing from amorphous-like Fig 1.
The gray lines show, in arbitrary vertical scale, the spectra of crystalline phase of silicon nitride or of oxynitride phase in bulk silicon, as derived from the literature data.
The suggested mechanism of the implanted dose effect explains the reduction of the band shift with increased dose of implanted nitrogen.
The corresponding data taken from literature are also included. samples.
The reduction of oxygen content with pressure can be caused by the stress - related decrease of oxygen migration in N-implanted CZ-Si as well as by the effect of external pressure on a creation and growth of nitrogen/oxygen containing clusters serving as the nucleation centers for precipitation of nitrogen and oxygen.

The performance of this model has therefore been verified as described earlier in Fig. 2, which plots the predicted data as a function of actual data.
When Si wafer is immersed in a solution of AgNO3/HF followed by HF/H2O2 solution, the oxidation-reduction reactions involved can be explained by the following mechanisms [16, 17]: Ag++e-→Ag (3) Si+2H2O→SiO2+4H++4e- (4) SiO2+6HF→H2SiF6+2H2O (5) 4H2O2+Si→SiO2+4H2O+O2 (6) SiO2+6HF→H2SiF6+2H2O (7) In the first reaction (Eq. 3), Ag+ ions lose electrons to produce Ag particles deposited on the Si surface.
This causes the etching rate to become lower with increasing time due to reduction in concentration of Ag+ ions responsible for vertical etching.
However, after sometime, the etching rate starts to decrease despite increased H2O2 concentration due to depletion of reduction in Ag particles and Ag+ ions supply.

The EDX data presented the elemental configuration matching the iron element, Finally, the best adsorption conditions were obtained with a contact time of 45 minutes and a dose of 0.4 g. the synthesized iron nanoparticles with pomegranate showed more efficiency than banana, and orange for the removal of pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphates (PO4), total phosphorus (TP), nitrates (NO3), turbidity, total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total dissolved solids (TDS), ammonia (NH3), total nitrogen (TN) from wastewater. 1.
The active hydrogen may be responsible for the reduction of metal ions in the formation of nanoparticles [5][6][8][10].
UV-Vis spectrum analysis The bio-reduction of Fe-NPs in aqueous solutions was monitored by measuring UV/Vis spectrum.
It was suggested to be responsible for iron reduction, with the broad peaks at 2900 cm−1 attributed to methyl C-H stretching.
Usually, the reduction of pollutants' concentrations with an increased dose of iron nanoparticles is a surface function.