Electrochemical Study on Fluorine Doped Bi₂O₃ films Deposited by a Sol-Gel Spin Coating Technique to Evaluate Energy Efficiency

Abstract:

It has been demonstrated that thin films of fluorine-doped Bi₂O₃ can be prepared using sol-gel spin coating. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive analysis were used to examine samples. Using a sol-gel spin-coating technique, different electrolytes and sweep rates were used in the study to characterize fluorine-doped Bi₂O₃ films. In the results of the studies, it was extensively examined whether these films could be used in the fabrication of electrochromic devices. The enhanced properties of fluorine doped samples are due to their increased separation efficiency and strong oxidation potential. For two hours, the samples were exposed to temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 450 °C. F:Bi₂O₃ films have been the subject of an intercalation and deintercalation investigation. Therefore, H₂SO₄ and KCl are used to intercalate H+ and K+ ions in PC electrolytes. Sharp transmittance peaks at the band's edge in a spectrum with good crystallinity signify interfering patterns. Band assignment 3482 cm^-1, stretching vibration of carbohydrate, C-OH, 2432 cm^-1 asymmetric stretching vibration, 1625 cm^-1 unconjugated C=O stretching vibration, and 1383 cm^-1 bending vibration of C-H are among the numerous assignments in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, 1101 cm^-1 are vibrations of hydroxyl groups and 625 cm^-1 are metallic bond vibrations of F:Bi₂O₃. The surface roughness of F:Bi₂O₃ films was found to have significantly improved. It is probable that a sol-gel spin coating process at 200 °C produced dense, irregularly shaped Bi₂O₃ grains. The thermodynamic characteristics of the corrosion process for Bi in concentrated sulfuric acid solution were studied. These parameters were Ea (activation energy), H (enthalpy change), and S (entropy change).

• Periodical: Advanced Engineering Forum (Volume 57)
• Pages: 1-16
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-a1oGBz
• Online since: October 2025
• Authors: N. N. Shafeera, K. Gokila, A. Ayeshamariam*, M. Ismail Fathima, Soundrapandian Muthuraja, Kasinathan Kaviyarasu
• Keywords: Bandgap, Cyclic Voltammetry, Diffusion Coefficient, Electrochromic Devices, Fluorin Dopant

References

[1] Stewart, C., Konstantinov, K., McKinnon, S., Guatelli, S., Lerch, M., Rosenfeld, A., Tehei, M. and Corde, S., 2016. First proof of bismuth oxide nanoparticles as efficient radiosensitisers on highly radioresistant cancer cells. Physica Medica, 32(11), pp.1444-1452.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.10.015

[2] La, J., Huang, Y., Luo, G., Lai, J., Liu, C. and Chu, G., 2013. Synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles by solution combustion method. Particulate Science and Technology, 31(3), pp.287-290.

DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2012.727525

[3] Zhou P., Lv J., Xu H., Wang X., Sui X., Zhong Y., Wang B., Chen Z., Feng X., Zhang L., Mao Z., (2019), Functionalization of Cotton Fabric with Bismuth Oxyiodide Nanosheets: Applications for Photodegrading Organic Pollutants. UV Shielding and Self-Cleaning. Cellulose., 26(4): 2873–2884

DOI: 10.1007/s10570-019-02281-8

[4] Pavlenko V.I., Cherkashina N.I., Yastrebinsky R.N., Synthesis and Radiation Shielding Properties of Polyimide/Bi2O3 Composites, Heliyon., 5(5): e01703 (2019).

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01703

[5] Niveditha, C.V., Fatima, M.J. and Sindhu, S., 2016. Comprehensive interfacial study of potentio-dynamically synthesized copper oxide thin films for photoelectrochemical applications. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163(6), p.H426.

DOI: 10.1149/2.0971606jes

[6] Soam, A., Kumar, R. and Singh, M., 2020. Electrophoretically deposited bismuth iron oxide nanoparticles film for supercapacitor application. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 56, pp.1037-1042.

DOI: 10.1134/s1023193520120241

[7] Goncharova, A.S., Napolskii, K.S., Skryabina, O.V., Stolyarov, V.S., Levin, E.E., Egorov, S.V., Eliseev, A.A., Kasumov, Y.A., Ryazanov, V.V. and Tsirlina, G.A., 2020. Bismuth nanowires: electrochemical fabrication, structural features, and transport properties. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 22(26), pp.14953-14964..

DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01111h

[8] Roselin, A.A., Anandhan, N., Gopu, G., Doss, I.J.P., Ganesan, K.P., Selvam, R.P., Marimuthu, T. and Sivakumar, G., 2019. Electrochemical sensor for the detection of lead ions of B-site-doped bismuth titanate perovskite thin film. Applied Physics A, 125, pp.1-15.

DOI: 10.1007/s00339-019-2963-4

[9] Gupta, S., Singh, R., Agarwal, G., Ray, K., Kothari, S.L., Verma, A.S., Saraswat, V.K., Awasthi, K. and Kumar, M., 2018. Electrochemical hydrogen evolution and storage studies on bismuth nano hexagons. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(47), pp.21642-21648.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.03.207

[10] Lghazi, Y., Bimaghra, I., Bachiri, A., Elmerzouki, K., Youbi, B. and Lasri, H., 2018. Investigation of the nucleation kinetics of Bi and α-Bi2O3 during electro-deposition on substrate ITO. Int. J. Eng. Technol, 7(4.32), pp.21-24.

DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.32.23238

[11] Wang, H.W., Hu, Z.A., Chang, Y.Q., Chen, Y.L., Lei, Z.Q., Zhang, Z.Y. and Yang, Y.Y., 2010. Facile solvothermal synthesis of a graphene nanosheet–bismuth oxide composite and its electrochemical characteristics. Electrochimica Acta, 55(28), pp.8974-8980.

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.048

[12] Ng, C.H., Lim, H.N., Hayase, S., Zainal, Z., Shafie, S. and Huang, N.M., 2018. Effects of temperature on electrochemical properties of bismuth oxide/manganese oxide pseudocapacitor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 57(6), pp.2146-2154.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04980

[13] Kayani, Z.N., Ali, M.G., Waseem, S., Bashir, Z., Riaz, S. and Naseem, S., 2024. Optimization of nanostructured Zr doped bismuth oxide (Bi2O4) thin films for physical and biological properties. Ceramics International, 50(4), pp.6854-6869

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.030

[14] Agapescu, C., Cojocaru, A., Cotarta, A. and Visan, T., 2013. Electrodeposition of bismuth, tellurium, and bismuth telluride thin films from choline chloride–oxalic acid ionic liquid. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 43, pp.309-321.

DOI: 10.1007/s10800-012-0487-0

[15] Ahila, M., Malligavathy, M., Subramanian, E. and Padiyan, D.P., 2016. Controllable synthesis of α and β-Bi2O3 through anodization of thermally evaporated bismuth and its characterization. Solid State Ionics, 298, pp.23-34.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2016.10.017

[16] Lghazi, Y., Bimaghra, I., Bachiri, A., Elmerzouki, K., Youbi, B. and Lasri, H., 2018. Investigation of the nucleation kinetics of Bi and α-Bi2O3 during electro-deposition on substrate ITO. Int. J. Eng. Technol, 7(4.32), pp.21-24.

DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.32.23238

[17] Kayani, Z.N., Ali, M.G., Waseem, S., Bashir, Z., Riaz, S. and Naseem, S., 2024. Optimization of nanostructured Zr doped bismuth oxide (Bi2O4) thin films for physical and biological properties. Ceramics International, 50(4), pp.6854-6869.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.030

[18] Ng, C.H., Lim, H.N., Hayase, S., Zainal, Z., Shafie, S. and Huang, N.M., 2018. Effects of temperature on electrochemical properties of bismuth oxide/manganese oxide pseudocapacitor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 57(6), pp.2146-2154.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04980

[19] de Lima, C.A. and Spinelli, A., 2013. Electrochemical behavior of progesterone at an ex situ bismuth film electrode. Electrochimica Acta, 107, pp.542-548.

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.141

[20] Li, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhang, M., Cong, L., Pan, Y. and Lin, S., 2016. A bismuth oxide nanosheet-coated electrospun carbon nanofiber film: a free-standing negative electrode for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors. Journal of materials chemistry A, 4(42), pp.16635-16644.

DOI: 10.1039/c6ta06755g

[21] Roselin, A.A., Anandhan, N., Gopu, G., Doss, I.J.P., Ganesan, K.P., Selvam, R.P., Marimuthu, T. and Sivakumar, G., 2019. Electrochemical sensor for the detection of lead ions of B-site-doped bismuth titanate perovskite thin film. Applied Physics A, 125, pp.1-15.

DOI: 10.1007/s00339-019-2963-4

[22] Li, X., Zhang, L., Dong, H., Xia, T. and Huang, Z., 2015. Bismuth oxide coated amorphous manganese dioxide for electrochemical capacitors. Solid State Sciences, 43, pp.46-52.

DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2015.03.019

[23] Ng, C.H., Lim, H.N., Hayase, S., Zainal, Z., Shafie, S. and Huang, N.M., 2018. Effects of temperature on electrochemical properties of bismuth oxide/manganese oxide pseudocapacitor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 57(6), pp.2146-2154..

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04980

[24] Shinde, N.M., Xia, Q.X., Yun, J.M., Mane, R.S. and Kim, K.H., 2018. Polycrystalline and mesoporous 3-D Bi2O3 nanostructured negatrodes for high-energy and power-asymmetric supercapacitors: superfast room-temperature direct wet chemical growth. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 10(13), pp.11037-11047.

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00260

[25] Suryavanshi, V.B., Bobade, R.G., Lokh, B.J. and Ambare, R.C., 2023. Electro-synthesized bismuth oxide nanomaterials on flexible substrate electrode for supercapacitor application. ES Energy & Environment, 21(2), p.944.

[26] Raut, S.S., Bisen, O. and Sankapal, B.R., 2017. Synthesis of interconnected needle-like Bi2O3 using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction towards supercapacitor application. Ionics, 23, pp.1831-1837.

DOI: 10.1007/s11581-017-1994-0

[27] Qiu, Y., Fan, H., Chang, X., Dang, H., Luo, Q. and Cheng, Z., 2018. Novel ultrathin Bi2O3 nanowires for supercapacitor electrode materials with high performance. Applied Surface Science, 434, pp.16-20..

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.10.171

[28] Chitrada, K.C. and Raja, K.S., 2014. Nanoporous anodic bismuth oxide for electrochemical energy storage. ECS Transactions, 61(18), p.55.

DOI: 10.1149/06118.0055ecst

[29] Jovanovski, V., Hočevar, S.B. and Ogorevc, B., 2017. Bismuth electrodes in contemporary electroanalysis. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 3(1), pp.114-122..

DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2017.07.008

[30] Ambare, R.C., Shinde, P., Nakate, U.T., Lokhande, B.J. and Mane, R.S., 2018. Sprayed bismuth oxide interconnected nanoplate supercapacitor electrode materials. Applied Surface Science, 453, pp.214-219.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.090

[31] Chang, C., Yang, S., Liu, H., Qu, J., Qi, J., Dai, J., Jin, W., Huang, T., Xia, X., Wang, C. and Chen, Y., 2024. Revealing electrochemical behavior for high-quality and efficient bismuth deposition. Electrochimica Acta, 487, p.144160..

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144160

[32] Sinha, G.N., Subramanyam, P., Sivaramakrishna, V. and Subrahmanyam, C., 2021. Electrodeposited copper bismuth oxide as a low-cost, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of uric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 129, p.108627.

DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108627

[33] Bavani, T., Madhavan, J., Prasad, S., AlSalhi, M.S. and AlJaafreh, M.J., 2021. A straightforward synthesis of visible light driven BiFeO3/AgVO3 nanocomposites with improved photocatalytic activity. Environmental Pollution, 269, p.116067..

DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116067

[34] Singh, A.P., Kodan, N., Dey, A., Krishnamurthy, S. and Mehta, B.R., 2015. Improvement in the structural, optical, electronic and photoelectrochemical properties of hydrogen treated bismuth vanadate thin films. international journal of hydrogen energy, 40(12), pp.4311-4319.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.085

[35] Ahmed, A.O., Samer, B.S., Nakate, U.T., Jadhav, V.V. and Mane, R.S., 2020. Electrodeposited spruce leaf-like structured copper bismuth oxide electrode for supercapacitor application. Microelectronic Engineering, 229, p.111359.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mee.2020.111359

[36] Youbi, B., Lghazi, Y., El Bachiri, A., Himi, M.A., Elibrizy, O. and Bimaghra, I., 2020. Investigation of nucleation and growth mechanism of bismuth electrodeposited on ITO substrate in nitric acid medium. Materials Today: Proceedings, 22, pp.6-11.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.055