Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 522-524

Abstract: With the amount of polymer used in oil field increases year by year and the development results turn worse, people started to pay more attention to the technologies which can improve the polymer flooding recovery of class II reservoirs. Polymer flooding efficiency can be enhanced through methods such as detail geologic analysis, project design optimization and strengthen procedure management with applying mature supporting technologies. In this paper, the necessity of improving the polymer flooding effect of class II reservoir is introduced. The technologies to develop polymer flooding efficiency are proposed. The applying results of these technologies show that meticulous reservoir simulation and deepen recognize of structure and reserve and residual oil distribution are the base of improving polymer flooding efficiency. Optimizing polymer injection design to match the oil reserve is the key part of improving polymer flooding efficiency. Deepening technology research and building workflow of different measures and adjustment technologies at different production stages are efficient ways to improve polymer flooding efficiency. Insisting on the comprehensive adjust pattern of normal molecular weight with normal molecular concentration, individual design, scale injection, profile control in time, adjust with time and strengthen procedure management are the predominant guarantee of improving polymer flooding efficiency.

Abstract: When research the behavior of water drive gas reservoirs, especially with large water influx, the first concerned is, how many gas is sealed, how many water seals the gas Therefore, it is very important to study the amount of water-sealing gas, unsealed gas, and water influx. The amount of unsealed gas influences the Recovery Efficiency, and the water influx influences the drainage intensity, when we take the measures of Strong Drainage Gas Recovery, in the future. In this paper, we analysis Material Balance Equation; establish objective functions with Formation Pressure and gas production data; auto-match by Least-square Method; directly calculate the dynamic reserves of water drive gas reservoir, and the amount of water-sealing gas and water influx. The example calculation of well HB1, proved that the calculation results of this method is more accurate and reliable than in the past, and it is simple and practical as well.

Abstract: Production performance prediction is the foundations for technical and economic evaluation of production system of gas well. Based on Material Balance Equation and Back Pressure Equation, it provides two prediction models of gas well performance, for two production modes (constant production mode and constant pressure mode) separately. These models can exhibit the change of some important production performance factors with time, such as Production, Recovery Efficiency, Wellhead Pressure, Bottom Hole Pressure, Formation Pressure, etc. By examples and discussion, it can be seen that, this method for predicting production performance is feasible and reasonable. Compared with other methods, the prediction model method expands the prediction range. It can predict the whole production periods of gas well (Stable Period, Decline Period, and Pressure-increasing Period).

Abstract: A bi-layer mathematical model of nodal analysis under the condition of separate layer injection-production has been set up on the study of inflow performance relationship between injectors and producers, horizontal flow, vertical flow, choke flow etc., according to nodal analysis principle. In theory, this method can be used to determine reasonable working system of injectors and producers, and can be optimized the allocation and injection allocation, and can also be made water flooding regime in its optimum condition.

Abstract: The field test of high-concentration displacement is implemented in Lamadian Oilfield North West Block. The value of enhanced oil recovery in the central area is up to 20 percent or more. In order to explore the reason of good stimulation effect of high concentration polymer flooding in Lamadian Oilfield, the mechanism of high concentration polymer systems for EOR is conducted in this paper. The high concentration is characterized by the viscosity and elasticity of polymer in this article. The results showed that: the concentration of polymer with 25 million molecular weight reach to 3000mg/L, the increases value of viscoelasticity is the largest. So high-concentration polymer is defined as 3000mg/L. Compared with conventional polymer flooding, high concentration polymer has a greater ability to expand swept volume and effectiveness of wash oil.

Abstract: Because of the instability of steam and tough requirement of HTHP equipments in steam flooding laboratory simulation, it is rather difficult to obtain representative Steam/Oil relative permeability curves with high precision. In addition, although the effect of temperature on Water/Oil relative permeability curves has been studied a lot both at home and aboard, there are still some controversy perspectives, and research on temperature effect on Steam/Oil relative permeability is rare. As to the above issue, an improved steam flooding experimental method is launched to obtain accurate base data, and then simplified JBN method is applied for data processing. The Result revealed that the improved experimental methods and simplified JBN formulas can obtain representative Steam/Oil relative permeability with high precision, and temperature affects steam/oil relative permeability in various aspects, as temperature increased, oil relative permeability and irreducible water saturation increased while steam relative permeability and residual oil saturation decreased.

Abstract: In order to adapt to different periods of economic development, Oil and gas resources taxes have been adjusted. There is a certain gap between the major foreign oil producers and Chinese oil and gas resources tax, including several aspects, for instance, the tax system, tax methods, tax rates, tax collection and management, tax incentives and so on. To this end, scholars have put forward a series of reform proposals, such as merging oil and gas resources taxes, raising taxes, expanding the differential gain, reforming imposed link etc.

Abstract: In our country, the double track system management of land ownership and land use rights has caused the separation between urban and rural construction in land market. The collective non-agricultural construction land entering into market for transfer is inevitable for the construction of socialist market economy. But the current construction of land market is still in a state of separation in the most parts of China. Obviously, the allocation of land resources is inefficient in this state. The paper introduces emphatically the current land use situation of urban and rural construction in China from the theoretical research, the main body of urban and rural market, and the system of foundation.

Abstract: Specialization refers to externalities of the specialization in the form of industrial agglomeration. We pick up the data of 198 prefecture-level cities of China during the years 2007-2009 from the view of the effects of spillover of technology, in order to calculate the specialization index and analyze its features, and finally we study on the data to find out how specialization and diversity can make a contribution to the innovation of civil technology theoretically and practically and make suggestions on the corresponding policies as well. The results suggest that:(1) The relatively specialized industries in the cities of China is stable, and the specialization index of the cities who possess abundant natural resources such as the industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and mining is even higher, meanwhile the capital cities own a higher diversity index. (2) Both of educational expense and GDP affect the innovation of urban technology positively and significantly.

Abstract: After the reform of Chinas tax system, in the case of an established local fiscal revenue, due to the differences in local infrastructure, under the influence of different investment and tourism-oriented input and output levels, the crowding-out effect of tourism industry varies. This paper validates this inference, and concludes that the crowding-out effect of tourism over other industries is small in areas with larger tourism scale such as Beijing which is either historical and cultural city, or political and economic center, with an emphasize on tertiary industry development; while the crowding-out effect of tourism over other industries is the largest in areas with smaller travel size, which is either landlocked but rich in tourism resources, or lacks of tourism resources but plays the key position of foreign trade. Regions of medium tourism scale are mostly dominated by secondary industry. Although the investment in tourism has increased in recent years, the propensity of government and private investment is firstly towards local leading industries, thus the production factors needed for development of the tourism industry have been occupied by local leading industries. And finally, the corresponding development strategies have been proposed for tourism industry with different crowding-out effect.